State and Environment: The Comparative Study of Environmental Governance

Appendix to Chapter 8

Appendix to Chapter 8 Descriptive Statistics, Question Wording, and Index Procedures for the Analysis of Swedish Survey Data Variable Range Mean or Percent Std.D Cronbach’s alpha N Sustainable citizenship 0–40 24 6.7 .73 1009 Concern 0–10 7.1 2.1 .73 1047 Interest 0–10 6.1 2.1 .80 1047 Attitudes 0–10 6.1 1.9 .74 1029 Behavior 0–10 4.4 2.9 .72 1026 Independent variables Solidarity citizenship 0–10 7.1 1.9 .81 1045 Duty citizenship 0–10 8.6 1.7 .74 1046 Information seeking citizenship 0–10 7.9 1.5 .66 1044 Trust representative institutions 0–10 5.3 2.4 .85 1023 Trust international institutions 0–10 4.9 2.0 .78 1038 Trust sustainability institutions 0–10 5.5 1.6 .78 1033 Efficacy people 0–10 5.3 2.2 .73 1009 Efficacy institutions 0–10 7.3 2.2 .91 996 344 Appendix Descriptive Statistics, Question Wording, and Index Procedures for the Analysis of Swedish Survey Data Variable Range Mean or Percent Std.D Cronbach’s alpha N Ideology (left=0) 0–10 5.1 2.4 1036 Age 18–78 50 16 1053 Economic situation 0–10 5.7 2.5 1042 Gender (woman=1) 0–1 53% 1053 Living area (large city=1) 0–1 31% 1029 Education (university=1) 0–1 38% 1035 Children (have children=1) 0–1 73% 1039 Concern Question:“When you consider the situation today, what do you feel is the most worrying aspect for the future?” (4 categories: “very,”“fairly,”“not particularly,” and “not worrying at all.”) The items include worries about environmental pollution and violation of human rights. Interest Question: “In general, how interested are you in …? (a) environmental issues, (b) human rights, (c) developing countries/the third world (0–10 scale). Index details: The index used for interest is the mean value for each respondent that answered at least one of the items. Attitudes Question: “Below are a number of proposals which have been made in the course of political debates. What is your opinion of each of them? Focusing more on promoting: (a) a more environmentally friendly society even if this means low or no economic growth; (b) economic growth even if this means placing lower priority on environmental issues; (c) fair trade even if this means that many products in Swedish shops would be more expensive; (d) more environmentally friendly society even if this means Appendix 345 a lower material standard of living; (e) providing for material needs in Sweden even if this means placing lower priority on aid to developing countries (5 categories from “very good to very bad proposal”). Index details : Items were reversed so that high numbers refer to positive attitudes towards sustainability reforms. The index used here is the mean value for each respondent who answered at least two of the five items. Behavior Question: “There are often many reasons for choosing to buy one product rather than another. In the last 6 months, how often have you chosen food, clothes or toys for the following reasons?” Here we use the alternatives (a) “the product was environmentally friendly”; (b) “product was manufactured under good working conditions”; and (c) “to support animal husbandry” (3 categories: “never/rarely,” “occasionally” and “often/ very often”). Index details: The behavioral index is the mean value for each respondent that rated the importance of at least one of the three reasons for buying food. Citizenship Expectations Question: “There are different views on what it takes to be a good citizen. In your personal opinion, how important is it to ...” (0–10 scale). Index details: Duty citizenship = “never try to evade paying tax”; “always obey laws and regulations”; and “never commit benefit fraud.” Solidarity citizenship = “show solidarity with people in Sweden who are worse off than yourself”; “show solidarity with people in the rest of the world who are worse off than yourself”;“put other’s interests before your own”;“do not treat immigrants worse than native Swedes.” Information seeking citizenship = “develop your own opinions independently from other people’s”; “stay well-informed about what is happening in society”; “don’t expect the state to solve problems; instead act on your own initiative”; “actively try to influence societal issues.” The index used for duty citizenship is the mean value for each respondent who answered at least one of the three...