The Politics of Adoption: Gender and the Making of French Citizenship

Index

Index Abandoned children, 3, 5, 10, 13, 19, 160n16 Abandonment conditions of, 24 feelings of, 123, 126 term usage, 107 Abortion, legalization of, xviii Accoyer, Bernard, 165n87 Adoptability, conditions of, 5, 6, 40, 124, 137, 183nn53, 54 Adoptee-adopter marriage, 48, 161n17 Adoptees. See also Foreign adoptees birth certificates of, 4, 14, 23, 128 bonding with, 121 ideal compatibility, search for, 125 inheritance rights of, 22, 48–49, 60, 133, 160n17 matching system for, 40–41 name changes for, 4, 14, 18, 40, 112–114, 137 origin diversity, 9 otherness of, 114, 121–122, 183nn53, 54 roots, access to information about, 7, 23, 69–72, 126 Adopter-adoptee marriage, 48, 161n17 Adoption. See also Adoption approval procedure; Homosexual (gay/ lesbian) adoption; specific forms of derivation of term, 112 into families with existing children, 11, 19–20, 24, 162n44 final confirmation, national differences in, 159n51 functions of, 2–4 historically, xvii 1910–1950, 1, 4 1950s–1970s, 4–6, 17–25 1980s–1990s, 6–7 2000s, 7–8 acceptance of, xvii ancient civilizations, 1–2 chronology, 137–139 fifteenth to eighteenth century, 3–4 Middle Ages, 3 inheritance rights and, 22, 48–49, 60, 133, 160n17 institutional reform era, 6–7 legal validity of, 5–6, 31, 70–72, 78–80, 159n51 legislating, 3–5, 17–19, 165n94 marketing human relationships through, 127–129 nationalizing, 17–19 relationship potential in, 133 by royal decree, 3 social stigma of, 181–182n33 uses of, 1 Adoption act of 1966, xvi–xvii Adoption agencies, 14, 138, 169n38. See also Agence Française de l’Adoption (AFA) Adoption approval certificates, 138 196 Index Adoption approval procedure. See also Applicant approval applicant accounts of, 99–103, 110 emotional ties, recognizing, 47–48 inquiry conditions specified, 138 instituted, 137–138 institutional reforms, 6–7 for intercountry adoptions, 138 medico-psychological appraisals, 83–84, 99 mimetic nature of, 128 modalities, 78, 98 negotiation in, 98–99 psychosocial appraisals, 76, 83–89 screenings, 78, 85–87, 99–101 variability in, 78, 98–100 Adoption contracts, 18, 127 Adoptive legitimation, 4, 5–6, 21–23, 137 Adoptive parent applicants. See Applicants Adult adoptees, 158n36 Adult-adult adoption, 49 Adultery, children of, xvii, 19, 160n10 Africa, 13 Age (parental) and age differences (parent-child), xvi–xvii, 4–5, 13, 20, 22, 41, 48, 137 Agence Française de l’Adoption (AFA), 7–8, 39–40, 44, 45, 138, 145, 146, 148 Agency adoptions, 14 Age of consent, 13 Agulhon, Maurice, 181n22 Aide Sociale à l’Enfance (ASE), 6–7, 41, 98, 145, 147 Alma Mater, 163n61 Ambassadeur pour l’Adoption Internationale, 138, 146, 149 Anderson, Benedict, 180n16 Anonymity, right to, 172n94 Applicant approval. See also Adoption approval procedure conditions defined, 138 European courts on, 64–69 jurisdictional control, 77–80, 98 legal validity of, 78–80 national validity, 77–78 negotiation in, 99 statistics, 8–9 Applicant approval factors administrative discrimination, 59–69 adoption agency attitudes, 169n38 age, 60 applicant perceptions of, 101–103 exemptions, 59 future parental practices assumed, 85–86 gender, 87 historical influences, 88–89 infertility, 86 international differences, 14 marital status, 38, 59–60, 84 maternal and paternal roles defined, 60–69, 93–95 sexual orientation, 57–69, 88, 101–110 social workers attitudes, 87–90, 103–108 Applicant approval models heteroparental model, xi, 104–105 maternal and paternal roles, 107–109 normative behavior, 108–110 Applicant approval requirements age (parental) and age differences (parent-child), xvi–xvii, 4–5, 13, 20, 22, 41, 48, 137 marriage, length of, 13, 20, 22 Applicants. See also Homosexual (gay/ lesbian) applicants accounts given by, 99–101 desired child, right to the, 123 regime of resemblance, 133 right to children, 123–124 right to have children, 33–34, 37–38, 63, 66, 123–124 unmarried, rights of, 38 Arendt, Hannah, 186n16 Artificial insemination, 25, 50, 163n61, 184n77. See also Medically assisted procreation (MAP) Index 197 Association des Parents et Futurs Parents Gays et Lesbiens (APGL), 67, 91–92, 126 Association Familiale Nationale des Foyers Adoptifs (AFNFA), 19, 80, 160n18 Athenian democracy, 2 Aubry, Jenny, 94 Aubry, Martine, 32, 116 Augustus, 2 Aurillac, Martine, 37 Autès, Michel, 174n26 Autorité Centrale pour l’Adoption Internationale, 40, 44, 81, 138, 139, 146, 149 Ayrault, Jean-Marc, xii, 58 Badinter, Robert, 24 Bachelet, Frank, 173n9 Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J., 152–153n22 Ballmer-Cao, Thanh-Huyen, 155n60, 184n69 Barjot, Frigide, 43 Barnes, Hazel E., 178n22 Barre, Corinne, 158n42 Bartholet, Elizabeth, 184n71, 185n83 Bartolon...