Moral Psychology: Free Will and Moral Responsibility

Index

Academics. See Philosophy, philosophers, and academics Action control, deliberative/modelbased systems for, 304n1, 331–334, 341–344 Action potentials. See Spike activity Action scripts, 336 Action(s). See also Free action bypassing deliberative control of, 32–34 free will as source of multiplicity of alternative, 236 freedom as meaningful, 251–254 freedom of, 130 goal-directed, 330–331 role of consciousness in, 12–18 self-forming, 124n4, 131, 153–154 ultimate cause/source/initiator of, 22n4, 123n1, 219, 222 ultimate point of origin for autonomous, 180 Addiction, 390–391 accounts of regulatory failure in, 297– 303, 305–308 decision making and, 279 dopamine dysfunction and addict responsibility, 287–292 freedom to choose and, 279 Markov setting for a learning agent and, 281–282 overvaluation model and its implications for diminished control, 282–285 Index Montague’s research on dopamine signal dysfunction in, 296–297 “second hit” in, 295–296 Affect misattribution procedure (AMP), 269 Agency. See also specific topics dualism and, 118 naturalism, mind, and, 121 reinforcement learning and, 322 Anarchic hand syndrome, 179–181 Anderson, Philip W., 64–65, 146, 237–238 Animals. See also Framing effects: in nonhuman primate decision making evidence of free will in, 247, 249 learning, 251 Anscombe, Elizabeth, 183 Apparent indeterminacy, 115, 128, 144 site of, 125n7 Apparent indeterminism (AI), 108, 109, 115, 146, 149n9 defined, 105, 151 evidence for, 111 metaphysical indeterminism and, 105, 108, 109, 125n7, 149n9, 151 Aquinas, Thomas, 98 Aristotle, 317–318 Arms races, 400–401, 417 Association cortex, 141. See also Lateral intraparietal area 462 Index Backtracking principle, 25n21 Balaguer, Mark, 103, 107 Bargh, John, 1, 5–6, 24nn16–17 Basic desert, 27, 28, 35, 43, 55n3 Baumeister, Roy F., 249–250 Belief convergence, 406 Beliefs as multiply realizable within the brain, 90 Bereitschaftspotential (BP), 70. See also Readiness potentials Biases. See Decision biases; Framing biases; Preferences Bidirectional causation, 60 Bidirectional connection between inferences and decisions, 398 Björnsson, Gunnar, 34, 55n1 Bloom, P., 118 Bohm, David, 107 Bohr, Niels, 63 Bottom-up processes, 59, 67, 71, 82, 101 Boundedness, 371–372 Braddon-Mitchell, David, 125n9 Brain. See also Neuroscience; specific topics architecture and organization, 68–70, 89–91 principles for thinking carefully about, 81–84 split-brain patients, 69, 86, 100 Brain/mind function, toward layered and dynamical views of, 70–72 Brass, Marcel, 201–202 Bratman, M., 188 Brehm, J. W., 355–356 Broad, C. D., 64 Bunge, Mario, 67, 72 Burden-based excuse (addiction), 290, 292, 297–299 Butterfly effect, 62 Bypass, universal, 33 Bypassing, 30–34, 45, 46 defined, 7, 30 diagnosing, 50–53 free will and, 7, 12, 32, 34 neural activity and, 14, 17, 49–50 universal bypass, 33 Calvin, John, 239, 264n5 Calvinist theology, 239 Cartwright, Nancy, 152 Case-based reasoning, 344 Causal closure, thesis of, 123n1 Causal exclusion argument, 11–12 Causality and free will, dispute over, 237 Causation. See also Bidirectional causation higher-level, 81, 84 Chaos, emergence, and the falsity of determinism, 144–147 Chaos theory, 82 Chaotic systems, 62 Choosing, 280–281. See also Decision making Chronometry, mental, 38 Circuit design, 84 Coates, J., 23n7 Coding principles for intentions. See Neural code for intentions Cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS model), 368, 370 Cohen, Jonathan, 1, 7, 8, 196, 237 Coherence, 398–401, 416 Commitment and intention, 168–169 Compatibilism, 29–30, 127, 129, 130, 139, 155, 261, 273, 275, 404, 409nn4–6, 413 bypassing and, 30 manipulation arguments and making a difference, 53–55 manipulation examples that challenge, 28 meaning and scope of the term, 28, 202, 404 overview, 202–203 scientists/academics’ beliefs regarding, 404, 407, 409n4 Compatibilist intuitions, 7, 12, 23n7, 31, 215 Index 463 Compatibilist philosophers, 6, 22n6, 28, 122, 239 Compatibilist theories, 22n6 Compatibilist view of responsibility, 121 Compatibilists, 6, 30, 203, 214, 414, 417 belief in weaker kind of free will, 417n1 contemporary, 35 on deserving praise, blame, and punishment, 55n3 on free action, 121 naturalism and, 9 reconciling free will and a single, inflexible future, 239 Conscious cognition and nonconscious processes, 312–314. See also specific topics Consciousness, 79 free will and, 11, 248–251 phenomenal, 335 roles of, 248–251, 335–339 “Consciousness, qua consciousness,” 50, 51, 57n15 Consequence Argument, 31 Constant connection, 173 Control, 32–35, 179. See also Selfcontrol ; specific topics the challenge of, and choosing the right tool for the job, 331–334, 341–344 defined, 309–310 degrees of, 309, 338–339 improving, by inferring...