Research Misconduct Policy in Biomedicine: Beyond the Bad-Apple Approach

Index

Index Abbs, James, 37–38 Alquist, Jessica, 22 Atkinson-Grosjean, Janet, 7 Audits, 42, 54–56, 64 Authority, obedience to, 25–26 Autonomy and autonomous authority of science, 116, 118–120, 143 Bad-apple approach to research governance, 10, 25, 141. See also Badapple metaphor Bad-apple metaphor, 15, 20, 122, 129, 134, 151 vs. “bad barrel”/“bad orchard,” 148 implications, 3–4 Office of Research Integrity and, 143 overview, 3–4 “Bad apples” exposing them as undermining the reputation of the profession, 14 misconduct regulation’s focus on finding and punishing, 54, 119 shame and protecting the barrel from the, 51 Bad-apple theory (of unethical behavior), 139, 151 Bad-apple-to-be-tossed-out theory, 3, 46–48, 54, 130, 135 Baerlocher, Mark Otto, 64 Barnes, B., 7–8 Baumeister, Roy, 22 Bazerman, M. H., 35 Bezwoda, Werner R., 101–104, 105t Bias in scientific literature, 71–73 Bioethics, 126, 127 future role of, 130–131 Bok, Sissela, 19–20 Boldt, Joachim, 99–100 Bosch, Xavier, 50 Brandt, Allan, 136, 153 Breuning, Stephen, 84–89, 91, 105t 180 Index Britain. See United Kingdom British Medical Journal (BMJ), 63 Broad, William, xiv–xv, 5 Chandra, Ranjit Kumar, 63 Charlton, Bruce, 13, 142 China, 39–40, 71 Cho, Mildred, 134 “Clinical misconception,” 33 Collegium system, 14 Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), 78 Commons, 123. See also Tragedy of the commons defined, 8 “Communism” (common ownership of scientific knowledge), 4, 6 Community research workers (CRWs), 50–51 Conflicts of interest, 11, 128, 136 Corruption in research organizations, 151–152 Crescioni, A. William, 22 Davis, M., 152 Deception, 19–21 Decision making. See Ethical decision making Demoralization among academic scientists, 13–14 Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), 37, 38, 46, 147 Deterrence, 51–52, 54, 137. See also Punishment Dewey, John, 126 Dingall, John, xv “Disinterestedness,” 4 Douglas, Heather, 116, 148 Due-process issues, 123–124 Editorials and research misconduct, 74–77 Elliott, Carl, 16 Ethical decision making, 21–24 guidelines for, 23 Ethical innovation, 154 Ethical norms, stability of, 31–32 Ethics theory, 20 “Ethos of science,” 1, 5 European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity (ECCRI), 41 European Science Foundation (ESF), 41 Fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism (FFP), xi–xiv, 16, 27, 38, 45, 46, 119, 120. See also Fraud incidence, 54, 57 Fairley, Cory, 7 Fanelli, Daniele, 148 Farman, Allan, 77 Ferris, Timothy, 135 Fine, Cordelia, 22 Fisher, Bernard, 110–111 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 50 Fraud, xiv–xv, 64, 76, 107, 110. See also specific cases incidence, 5, 54, 57, 125 meaning and scope of the term, 38, 73 Index 181 peer review and, 64 retraction and, 65–67 Freedoms, 135 Free will, 22 Freiman, C., 25 Fujii, Yoshitaka, 150–151, 153 General Medical Council (GMC), 40 Ghostwriting, 70, 73 Global technology race, 39–40 Graduate students, 29–30, 34 Haidt, Jonathan, 22 Hardin, Garret, 1, 8–9 Health and Human Services (HHS), Department of, 37, 38, 46, 147 Henkel, Mary, 6 Herman, Barbara, 122 Hermanowicz, Joseph, 13–14 Herrmann, Friedhelm, 76 Human subjects protection and research misconduct. See also Research subjects parallels between, 128, 144–147 Hwang Woo Suk, 75, 139–141 Informed consent, 2 Institutional review boards (IRBs), 18, 132, 145–146 Intuitionist model, 22 Ioannidis, John, 147–148 Jasanoff, Sheila, 135–136 Journal editors difficulties encountered by, 63–64 how they deal with research misconduct, 74–77 Journal publications bias and research misconduct, 71–73 peer review, replication, and retraction of, 64–68 plagiarism, 68–71 Journal publication standards, 59–61 implementation of, 61–64 Kalleberg, R., 7 Kammerer, Paul, 76 Kant, Immanuel, 20 Kennett, Jeanette, 22 Keränen, Lisa, 48, 121 Kleinman, Arthur, 32 Krumholz, Harlan, 136 Lam, Alice, 6 Lies, deception, and selfdeception , 19–21 Lucey, Catherine, 26 Martin, Clancy, 34 Mentoring, 33–34, 119 Merton, Robert K., 15–16 ethos of science, 1, 5 and the norms of science, 4–8 Merz, Jon F., 28, 49–50, 65–66 Meslin, Eric, 134 Moral disengagement, 18–19 Moral economics, 6–7 Moral ideals, 122–123 Moral identity, 24–25 Morality-from-within, 123 182 Index National Academies of Science (NAS), 11 National Cancer Institute (NCI), 110 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 31, 69 National Science Foundation (NSF), 39, 48, 70 Needleman, Herbert, 112 Neuroscience, 22 Normative model, 22 Nowotny, Helga, 125–126 Obedience to authority, 25–26 Objectivity. See “Disinterestedness” Office of Research Integrity (ORI), 39, 43, 52 appeals...