Economic Thought and U.S. Climate Change Policy

Index

Abatement costs. See Greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction costs Acid rain coal industry and, 87–88, 144 denial of problems of, 87–88 emissions trading and, 133, 139 Ackerman, Bruce A., 164–165 Adaptation competing strategies, 285–286 defined, 278 economics and, 282–286 efforts to address international, 280–281 national and local, 281–282 estimating costs of, 278–279 ideal plan, 292–293 justice and, 286–293, 304 matching funds and, 283–284, 290 measures, 187, 207 vs. mitigation, 291 urgency, 277, 303 Adaptation COP, 282, 290 Adaptation Fund, 280, 283 Adaptive efficiency, 6 “Additionality,” 140, 142 Aggregate social welfare. See Efficiency , Kaldor–Hicks Agricultural output, decrease in, 35, 36, 198 Air pollutants, defined, 38n1 Air pollution, 89–90 monitoring of emissions trading, 132 Allocative efficiency, 3 α-Precaution, 173 Alternative energy, 164, 219, 263, 266, 268, 270. See also Environmental competition statute; Regulatory history of dirty energy; Renewable energy Alternative energy industry, 109 American Electric Power Company, 214 American Enterprise Institute. See Think tanks, American Enterprise Institute Antiregulatory litany, 85–87, 300 arguments in “I can’t help it,” 89–90 “It’s not my fault,” 88–89 “It’s not worth it,” 90–91 (see also Cost-effectiveness) “Prove it,” 87–88, 97 (see also Uncertainty(ies)) “That’s not fair,” 91–92, 96–97 (see also Distributional inequities) continues despite change in corporate culture, 99–100 government attachment to, 100–101 use of, to thwart regulation, 92–93 industry’s, 93–94 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), 50 Arcuri, Alessandra, 176 Army Corps of Engineers, U.S., 282 Arrhenius, Svante, 203 Asphalt formulations, switching, 132 Assurance problem, 156, 157 Index 342 Index Atmosphere, 242 absorptive capacity, 242 warming of, 30 (see also Climate change) Automobile industry, 219, 258, 267, 270, 301 Automotive pollution, 89–92 “Backstop technology,” 66 Baer, Paul, 73 “Baseline” state of the world predictions , 215–217 Bears, 37 Berkeley Energy and Resources model, 222 Berkeley study, 222–224, 227 “Best guess” estimates, 62 “Binding collective undertaking,” 156, 159 Biodiversity. See Species threats and losses Bingaman, Jeff, 228 Biofuels, 53. See also Renewable energy Black Lung Act, 54 Bounded rationality, 186 Brown Weiss, Edith, 247–249 “Bubble” programs, 131–138 Bush, George H. W., 4, 133, 289 Bush, George W., 1, 12, 53, 138, 206 administration, 163, 288 information control by, 98, 163, 206 uncertainties of climate change and, 177 on energy consumption and the economy, 52 equality principle and, 239, 289 Kyoto Protocol and, 1, 26–27, 61, 95, 138, 177, 206, 238, 281, 289 Montreal Protocol signed by, 28 new energy rhetoric, 52 Business-as-usual (BAU) paths for emissions, 8, 32, 61, 67, 68, 207 incentives to pursue, 111–112 Business Roundtable, 24, 93 Byrd, Robert, 88 Byrd–Hagel resolution, 26, 110 California Air Resources Board, 258 California Climate Change Center, University of California, 222. See also Berkeley study California’s GHG reduction programs, estimating costs of complying with, 222–224 Cap-and-trade programs, 216, 226–229, 266, 302, 303. See also Caps on greenhouse gas emissions; Dirty input limits; Emissions trading allocating entitlements, 227–228 emissions trading and, 138, 139, 141 (see also Emissions trading) recycling revenues and, 220, 227 safety valves and, 221 vs. “sector-specific command-andcontrol ” requirements, 224 vs. “technology-forcing” requirements , 219 Capitalism, 23–25. See also Free market ideology; Neoliberalism Caps on greenhouse gas emissions, 76, 133, 139, 240, 244–246. See also Cap-and-trade programs; Emissions trading Carbon capture technology, 268 viability of, 228, 268 Carbon credits, 164 Carbon dioxide (CO2), 30–31, 34, 164, 203 Carbon footprint, 46 ways to reduce one’s, 124n41, 208 Carbon limits, 110–111 Carbon sinks, 99, 134, 137, 278 Carbon tax, 163–164, 216, 219–220, 227, 233n41. See also Emissions tax; Energy tax; Taxes John Dingell and, 213, 214 European Union and, 138 globally uniform, 116 likelihood of implementation, 225–227 optimal, 61, 62, 71 Carcinogens, 89. See also specific carcinogens Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, 188 Carter administration, 50–51 Index 343 Catastrophe, 65, 72–76, 91, 114, 116, 121, 153, 155, 167, 181, 186, 249. See also Tipping point and Department of Defense, 199 Catastrophic Harm Precautionary Principle. See Precautionary principle, and catastrophic harm Cato Institute, 214 CDM Executive Board. See Clean Development Mechanism Center for Progressive Reform (CPR). See Think Tanks, Center for Progressive Reform Chamber of Commerce, 94 Charity vs. justice, 286 China, 302 Cigarettes. See Smoking and disease; Tobacco smoke...