Ethics, Sexual Orientation, and Choices about Children

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. J. D. Schulman and D. S. Karabinus, “Scientific Aspects of Preconception Gender Selection,” Reproductive Biomedicine Online 10, supp. 1 (2005): 125–128. 2. S. A. Devaney, G. E. Palomaki, J. A. Scott, and D. W. Bianchi, “Noninvasive Fetal Sex Determination Using Cell-Free Fetal DNA,” Journal of the American Medical Association 306 (2011): 627–636. 3. Russell Powell and Allen Buchanan, “Breaking Evolution’s Chains: The Prospect of Deliberate Genetic Modification in Humans,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 36 (2011): 6–27. 4. Illinois Abortion Act of 1975, 720 Illinois Compiled Statutes 510/6. 5. Julian Savulescu, “New Breeds of Humans: The Moral Obligation to Enhance ,” Reproductive Biomedicine Online 10, supp. 1 (2005): 1–9. 6. Günter Dörner, Hormones and Brain Differentiation (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1976), 138. 7. Nanette K. Gartrell, “Hormones and Homosexuality,” in Homosexuality: Social , Psychological and Biological Issues, ed. W. Paul, J. D. Weinrich, J. C. Gionsorek , and M. E. Hotvedt (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1982), 169–192. 8. Lynn S. Hall,“Dermatoglyphic Analysis of Total Finger Ridge Count in Female Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Sexual Orientation,” Journal of Sex Research 37 (2000): 315–320. 9. For example, see Dennis McFadden and Edward G. Pasanen, “Comparison of the Auditory Systems of Heterosexuals and Homosexuals: Click-Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions,” Proceedings of the National Academies of Science 95 (1998): 2709–2713. 10. Frederick Suppe,“Explaining Homosexuality: Philosophical Issues, and Who Cares Anyhow?,” in Gay Ethics: Controversies in Outing, Civil Rights, and Sexual Science, ed. Timothy F. Murphy (Binghamton: Haworth Press, 1994), 223–268. 11. M. M. Mello and L. E. Wolf, “The Havasupai Indian Tribe Case: Lessons for Research Involving Stored Biologic Samples,” New England Journal of Medicine 363 (2010): 204–207. 144 Notes to Pages xvi–13 12. Amy Harmon, “Havasupai Case Highlights Risks in DNA Research,” New York Times, April 21, 2010. Chapter 1 1. Lawrence Crocker, “Meddling with the Sexual Orientation of Children,” in Having Children: Philosophical and Legal Reflections on Parenthood, ed. Onora O’Neill (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 145–154. 2. Alan P. Bell and Martin S. Weinberg, Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity among Men and Women (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), 127, 339. 3. Ibid., 339. 4. Michael Levin, “Why Homosexuality Is Abnormal,” The Monist 67 (1984): 251–283. 5. Timothy F. Murphy, “Homosexuality and Nature: Happiness and the Law at Stake,” Journal of Applied Philosophy 4 (1987): 195–204. 6. Timothy F. Murphy, “Reproductive Controls and Sexual Destiny,” Bioethics 4 (1990): 121–142. 7. Joel Feinberg, Freedom and Fulfillment: Philosophical Essays (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 77. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid., 84. 10. Ibid., 91. 11. Ibid., 96. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Claudia Mills, “The Child’s Right to an Open Future,” Journal of Social Philosophy 34 (2003): 499–509. 15. Murphy, “Reproductive Controls and Sexual Destiny,” 129. 16. Ibid., 138. 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid., 139. Chapter 2 1. Simon LeVay, “A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure between Homosexual and Heterosexual Men,” Science 253 (1991): 1034–1037. 2. Timothy F. Murphy, Gay Science: The Ethics of Sexual Orientation Research (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 25–29; Edward Stein, The Mismeasure of Desire: The Science and Ethics of Sexual Orientation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 133–140. Notes Pages 13–19 145 3. Richard Posner, Sex and Reason (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), 308. 4. Jonathan Tolins, The Twilight of the Golds (New York: Samuel French Productions , 1992/1994), 70–71. 5. Ibid., 80. 6. Ibid., 42. 7. Ibid., 43. 8. Ibid., 77. 9. Ibid., 68. 10. Ibid., 83. 11. Ibid., 80. Chapter 3 1. Dean H. Hamer, Stella Hu, Victoria L. Magnuson, Nan Hu, and Angela M. L. Pattatucci, “A Linkage between DNA Markers on the X Chromosome and Male Sexual Orientation,” Science 261 (1993): 321–327. 2. Lisa Diamond, Sexual Fluidity: Understanding Women’s Love and Desire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008). 3. Vera Whisman, Queer by Choice: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Politics of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1996). 4. Joan Roughgarden, Evolution’s Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 252–253. 5. Ibid., 256. 6. George C. Rice, Carol Anderson, Neil Risch, and George Ebers,“Male Homosexuality : Absence of Linkage to Microsatellite Markers at Xq28,” Science 284 (1999): 665–667. 7. Brian S. Mustanski, Michael G. Dupree, Caroline M. Nievergelt, Sven Bocklandt , Nicholas J. Schork, and Dean H. Hamer, “A...