The Ethics of Animal Research: Exploring the Controversy

Index

Absolutism, 97–98, 125, 187, 281 Accountability, 14, 296–297, 318– 320. See also Moral responsibility; Transparency Acetaminophen, 225 Adverse event/adverse drug reaction (ADR), 269–271, 273–275. See also Side effect Advocates animal, 53, 61, 98, 212, 241, 257, 259, 302, 304, 307 animal research, 14, 53, 210, 212, 218, 220–221, 228, 231n4, 240, 246, 248, 250, 253–258, 262–263, 302 animal rights, 14, 275, 285–287, 299, 321n7 animal welfare, 72, 241 social justice, 287 Agency. See Moral agency/agents Agriculture animals in, 23, 184, 190 veterinary medicine as ancillary to, 28 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 36, 173, 201. See also Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Alcohol, 108, 110, 173, 239 Alternatives. See Research, alternatives to animal models Altruism, 42, 133 Alzheimer’s disease, 268 American Cancer Society, 101n11 American Medical Association (AMA), 37, 201. See also Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Americans for Medical Progress, 122n2 Amphibians, 39, 131. See also Vertebrates Analgesia, 27–28, 55, 173, 205, 312, 318. See also Anesthesia; Pain; Suffering Anesthesia, 28, 55, 173, 183, 205. See also Analgesia; Pain; Suffering Animal breeding (see Breeding, animal) cognition (see Cognition [or impairment /deficiency of], in animals) cruelty (see Cruelty, animal) emotions (see Emotion/emotional states, in animals) experimentation (see Models, animal ; Pharmaceuticals; Research; Testing/trials) husbandry, 28, 184, 205, 303, 323n18 liberation (see Liberation, animal) models (see Models, animal) naming and identity, 129 rights (see Rights, animal) testing (see Models, animal; Pharmaceuticals ; Research; Testing/trials) welfare (see Welfare, animal) Animal Welfare Act, 239 Index 328 Index Anthropocentrism, 44–45, 217. See also Biocentrism; Dominion of humans; Superiority of humans Anthropomorphism, 45, 128 Antibiotics, 203, 225, 234n23 Antidepressants, 72 Anxiety, 24, 209–210. See also Distress ; Fear; Frustration; Stress Apes. See Primates Aristotle, 2, 24, 35, 73, 126, 130– 131, 134–135, 140, 144n21 Arras, John, 182–183, 185, 187 Aspirin, 36, 137, 225 Asthma, 222 Authority figures, 131, 143n13 Autonomy, 118, 163–165, 259, 295, 322n11 Ayer, A. J., 21 Bans, 102n21, 311 Banting, Frederick, 39, 199 Bass, Robert, 10, 230 Bellon, Christina, 14, 322n11 Beneficence, 2 Benefits “benefits argument” for animal research, 7, 85, 107–112, 122n2, 122n4, 245, 250–255, 256–258 for animals, 25, 42–43, 252 for humans, 6–7, 10, 14, 19, 25, 32, 38, 42–43, 45–46, 54, 69–72, 81, 84–88, 92–97, 99, 107–112, 114, 119, 121, 137, 139, 185, 189, 200, 202, 211, 219, 221, 223, 251–258, 268–269, 287 moral entitlement to, 153 possible versus actual, 93–95 professional, 263 prospective assessment of, 95, 98–99, 201–202, 205, 212 unearned, 282–283 versus costs or harms, 26, 86–87, 93–97, 101n19, 101n21, 108–111, 149, 185, 189, 205, 211, 252–255, 275–276, 300 (see also Cost-benefit analysis) versus risks, 7, 44, 56 Bentham, Jeremy, 72, 78, 82–84 Bernard, Claude, 2 Bernstein, Mark, 241 Best, Charles, 199–200 Bias publication, 91, 101n17 species, 97, 205 (see also Speciesism) Bible, 120, 123n15, 231n4, 261. See also God; Koran; Religion Biocentrism, 217. See also Anthropocentrism Bioethics, 182, 262–263 Biopharming, 181–184, 187, 190–191. See also Biotechnology; Genetic engineering; Transgenic animals Biosearch Laboratories, 129 Biotechnology, 8, 11, 12, 181–183, 185, 187–189, 191–192, 200. See also Biopharming; Genetic engineering ; Transgenic animals Birds, 3, 39, 100n3, 123n16, 239– 240. See also Vertebrates Boredom, 24, 68–69, 72. See Stimulation Botting, Jack, 85, 87, 138–139 Brain, 34, 39, 41, 108, 116, 138, 141, 159, 174, 239 Breeding, animal, 3–4, 15n4, 131, 184, 216, 311, 314, 323n19 British Animals Act, 59 British Institute of Medical Ethics, 59 British Medical Journal (BMJ), 91 Brody, Baruch, 9, 144n17 Burch, Rex, 55, 170–171, 293, 321n2. See also Three Rs (3R approach —refinement, reduction, and replacement) Business, 263 Cages. See Confinement/cages Callousness, 130–132, 134, 136, 144n16 Canada, 3, 191, 207 Cancer, 24, 32, 39, 41, 101n11, 109, 170, 173, 200, 221, 224–226, 233nn15, 258, 268–269 Index 329 Cannon, Walter, 19 Carcinogenecity, 220, 226 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 40 Cardiovascular disease/heart disease, 32, 41, 43, 109, 258, 274 Carruthers, Peter, 95, 102n23, 102n24, 147, 218 Casuistry, 12, 181–192 Categorical Imperative, 186, 296. See also Kant, Immanuel; Kantianism Cats, 3, 36, 39, 74, 116–117, 131, 144n18, 220–222, 225, 232n11, 239, 309, 314, 319, 322n12, 323n20. See also Mammals; Vertebrates Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC...