Invisible Users: Youth in the Internet Cafés of Urban Ghana

References

References Abbink, Jon, and Ineke van Kessel, eds. 2005. Vanguard or Vandals: Youth, Politics and Conflict in Africa. Leiden: Brill. Basic Information about WSIS—Overview. 2006. http://www.itu.int/wsis/basic/about .html. Adas, Michael. 1989. Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Ahearn, Laura M. 2001. Language and Agency. Annual Review of Anthropology 30:109–137. Akrich, Madeleine. 1992. The De-Scription of Technical Objects. In Shaping Technology /Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, ed. W. E. Bijker and J. Law. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Akrich, Madeleine, and Bruno Latour. 1992. A Summary of a Convenient Vocabulary for the Semiotics of Human and Nonhuman Assemblies. In Shaping Technology/ Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, ed. W. E. Bijker and J. Law. Cambridge , MA: MIT Press. Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso. Annan, Kofi. 1999. Secretary-General Proposes Global Compact on Human Rights, Labour, Environment, in Address to World Economic Forum in Davos. United Nations press release. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1999/19990201.sgsm 6881.html. Annan, Kofi. 2002. Kofi Annan’s IT Challenge to Silicon Valley. CNet News. http:// news.cnet.com/2010-1069-964507.html. Appadurai, Arjun. 1988. Introduction: Commodities and the Politics of Value. In The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, ed. A. Appadurai. Cambridge , UK: Cambridge University Press. 214 References Appadurai, Arjun. 1991. Global Ethnoscapes: Notes and Queries for a Transnational Anthropology. In Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present, ed. Richard G. Fox, 191–210. School of American Research Press: Santa Fe, New Mexico. Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Apter, Andrew. 1999. IBB = 419: Nigerian Democracy and the Politics of Illusion. In Civil Society and the Political Imagination in Africa, ed. J. L. Comaroff and J. Comaroff. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Asad, Talal. 2003. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Bakardjieva, Maria, and Richard Smith. 2001. The Internet in Everyday Life: Computing Technologies from the Standpoint of the Domestic User. New Media & Society 3 (1):67–84. Barad, Karen. 2003. Posthumanist Performativity: Toward an Understanding of How Matter Comes to Matter. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 28 (3):801– 831. Barber, Karin. 1997. Readings in African Popular Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Barlow, John Perry. 1996. A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace. Electronic Frontier Foundation. https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html. Bassett, Caroline. 1997. Virtually Gendered: Life in an On-line World. In The Subcultures Reader, ed. K. Gelder and S. Thornton. London: Routledge. Bayart, Jean-Francois. 2000. Africa in the World: A History of Extraversion. African Affairs 99:217–267. Beck, Ulrich. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage. Bell, Daniel. 1974. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting. London: Heinemann Educational. Benjamin, Walter. 2001 [1936]. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction . In Media and Cultural Studies: Keyworks, ed. M. G. Durham and D. M. Kellner. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Bernal, Victoria. 2005. Eritrea On-Line: Diaspora, Cyberspace, and the Public Sphere. American Ethnologist 32 (4):660–674. Berry, Sara. 1989. Social Institutions and Access to Resources. Africa 59 (1):41–55. Bijker, Wiebe E. 1995. Of Bicycles, Bakelites, and Bulbs: Toward a Theory of Sociotechnical Change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. References 215 Bloem, Renate. 2005. Multi-Stakeholderism and Civil Society. In The World Summit of the Information Society: Moving from the Past into the Future, ed. D. Stauffacher and W. Kleinwächter. New York: The United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force. Boellstorff, Tom. 2010. Coming of Age in Second Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Bryceson, D., and U. Vuorela. 2002. The Transnational Family: New European Frontiers and Global Networks. Oxford: Berg. Brydon, Lynne, and Karen Legge. 1996. Adjusting Society: The World Bank, the IMF, and Ghana. London: Tauris Academic Studies. Burke, Timothy. 1996. Lifebuoy Men, Lux Women. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Burrell, Jenna. 2008. Problematic Empowerment: West African Internet Scams as Strategic Misrepresentation. Information Technologies and International Development 4 (4):15–30. Burrell, Jenna. 2009. The Fieldsite as a Network: A Strategy for Locating Ethnographic Research. Field Methods 21 (2):181–199...