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Appendix: A Phylogenetic Classification of Life
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Appendix: A Phylogenetic Classification of Life Table A.1 A phylogenetic classification of life forms discussed in this book Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya – Bikonta – – Excavobionta – – Rhizaria – – Chromoalveolata – – Green eukaryotes – – – Glaucophyta – – – Metabionta – – – – Rhodobionta – – – – Chlorobiota > see Table A.3 – Unikonta – – Amoebozoa – – Opisthokonta – – – Fungi – – – Choanozoa – – – – Choanoflagellata – – – – Metazoa – – – – – Placozoa – – – – – Demospongiae – – – – – Hexactinellida – – – – – Calcarea – – – – – Eumetazoa – – – – – – Ctenophora – – – – – – Cnidaria – – – – – – Bilateria – – – – – – – Protostomia 280 Appendix Table A.1 (continued) – – – – – – – – Lophotrochozoa – – – – – – – – – Lophophorata – – – – – – – – – – Bryozoa – – – – – – – – – – Phoronozoa – – – – – – – – – – – Phoronida – – – – – – – – – – – Brachiopoda – – – – – – – – – Eutrochozoa – – – – – – – – – – Syndermata – – – – – – – – – – – Rotifera – – – – – – – – – – – Acanthocephala – – – – – – – – – – Spiralia – – – – – – – – – – – Entoprocta – – – – – – – – – – – Annelida – – – – – – – – – – – Sipuncula – – – – – – – – – – – Mollusca – – – – – – – – – – – Parenchymia – – – – – – – – – – – – Platyhelminthes – – – – – – – – – – – – Nemertea – – – – – – – – Cuticulata – – – – – – – – – Gastrotricha – – – – – – – – – Ecdysozoa – – – – – – – – – – Introverta – – – – – – – – – – – Nematozoa – – – – – – – – – – – – Nematoda – – – – – – – – – – – – Nematomorpha – – – – – – – – – – – Cephalorhyncha – – – – – – – – – – – – Kinorhyncha – – – – – – – – – – – – Loricifera – – – – – – – – – – – – Priapulida – – – – – – – – – – Panarthropoda – – – – – – – – – – – Onychophora – – – – – – – – – – – Tardigrada – – – – – – – – – – – Arthropoda – – – – – – – – – – – – Cheliceriformes – – – – – – – – – – – – Mandibulata – – – – – – – – Chaetognatha – – – – – – – Deuterostomia – – – – – – – – Echinodermata – – – – – – – – Pharyngotremata – – – – – – – – – Hemichordata [3.238.87.31] Project MUSE (2024-03-28 13:01 GMT) A Phylogenetic Classification of Life 281 Table A.1 (continued) – – – – – – – – – Chordata – – – – – – – – – – Urochordata – – – – – – – – – – Myomerozoa – – – – – – – – – – – Cephalochordata – – – – – – – – – – – Craniata – – – – – – – – – – – – †Conodonta – – – – – – – – – – – – Myxinoidea – – – – – – – – – – – – Vertebrata > see Table A.2 Note: Major clades used frequently in the text for comparative purposes are in boldface type. Extinct taxa are marked with a †. Classification modified from Lecointre and Le Guyader (2006) and Benton (2005). Table A.2 A phylogenetic classification of vertebrate taxa discussed in this book Vertebrata – Petromyzontiformes – †Pteraspidomorphi – †Osteostraci – Gnathostomata – – †Placodermi – – Chondrichthyes – – †Acanthodii – – Osteichthyes – – – Actinopterygii – – – Sarcopterygii – – – – Dipnoi – – – – Crossopterygii – – – – – Actinistia – – – – Tetrapodomorpha – – – – – Tetrapoda – – – – – – Batrachomorpha – – – – – – – †Dendrerpetontidae – – – – – – – †Dissorophidae – – – – – – – Lissamphibia – – – – – – – – Gymnophiona – – – – – – – – Batrachia – – – – – – – – – Anura – – – – – – – – – Urodela – – – – – – †Lepospondyli 282 Appendix Table A.2 (continued) – – – – – – Reptiliomorpha – – – – – – – †Seymouriamorpha – – – – – – – †Diadectomorpha – – – – – – – Amniota – – – – – – – – Sauropsida – – – – – – – – – Anapsida – – – – – – – – – – Testudines – – – – – – – – – Diapsida – – – – – – – – – – †Ichthyosauria – – – – – – – – – – Lepidosauromorpha – – – – – – – – – – – †Sauropterygia – – – – – – – – – – – Lepidosauria – – – – – – – – – – – – Sphenodontia – – – – – – – – – – – – Squamata – – – – – – – – – – – – – Iguania – – – – – – – – – – – – – Scleroglossa – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Amphisbaenia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Gekkonta – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Autarchoglossa – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Scincomorpha – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Anguimorpha – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Mosasauridae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Serpentes – – – – – – – – – – Archosauromorpha – – – – – – – – – – – Archosauria – – – – – – – – – – – – Crurotarsi – – – – – – – – – – – – Ornithodira – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Pterosauria – – – – – – – – – – – – – Dinosauria – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Saurischia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Sauropodomorpha – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Theropoda – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Ceratosauria – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Tetanurae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Carnosauria – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Coelurosauria – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Maniraptora – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Aves – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Paleognathae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Neognathae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Galloanserae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Neoaves [3.238.87.31] Project MUSE (2024-03-28 13:01 GMT) A Phylogenetic Classification of Life 283 Table A.2 (continued) – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Ornithischia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Fabrosauridae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Genasauria – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Thyreophora – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Cerapoda – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Ornithopoda – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Marginocephalia – – – – – – – – Synapsida – – – – – – – – – †Ophiacodontidae – – – – – – – – – †Edaphosauridae – – – – – – – – – †Sphenacodontidae – – – – – – – – – Therapsida – – – – – – – – – – †Dinocephalia – – – – – – – – – – †Dicynodontia – – – – – – – – – – †Gorgonopsia – – – – – – – – – – Cynodontia – – – – – – – – – – – Mammalia – – – – – – – – – – – – †Volaticotheria – – – – – – – – – – – – †Yinotheria – – – – – – – – – – – – Australosphenida – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Ausktribosphenida – – – – – – – – – – – – – Monotremata – – – – – – – – – – – – †Multituberculata – – – – – – – – – – – – Theria – – – – – – – – – – – – – Marsupialia – – – – – – – – – – – – – Eutheria – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Xenarthra – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Epitheria – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Afrotheria – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Boreoeutheria – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Apatemyidae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Laurasiatheria – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Eulipotyphles – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Scrotifera – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Chiroptera – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Fereungulata – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Ferae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Creodonta – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Carnivora – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Pholidota 284 Appendix Table A.2 (continued) – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Perissodactyla – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Meridiungulata – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Cetartiodactyla – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Euarchontoglires – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Glires – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Lagomorpha – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Rodentia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Euarchonta – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Dermoptera – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Primates – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Strepsirrhini – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Haplorrhini – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Tarsiiformes – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Simiiformes – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Platyrrhini – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Catarrhini – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Cercopithecoidea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Hominoidea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Hylobatoidae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Hominoidae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Pongidae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Hominidae Note: Major clades used frequently in the text for comparative purposes are in boldface type. Extinct taxa are marked with a †. Classification modified from Lecointre and Le Guyader (2006) and Benton (2005). Table A.3 A phylogenetic classification of plant taxa discussed in this book Chlorobionta – Ulvophyta – Prasinophyta – Streptophyta – – Chlorokybophyta – – Klebsormidiophyta – – Phragmoplastophyta – – – Zygnematophyta – – – Plasmodesmophyta – – – – Chaetosphaeridiophyta – – – – Charophyta [3.238.87.31] Project MUSE (2024-03-28 13:01 GMT) A Phylogenetic Classification of Life 285 Table A.3 (continued) – – – – Parenchymophyta – – – – – Coleochaetophyta – – – – – Embryophyta – – – – – – Marchantiophyta – – – – – – Stomatophyta – – – – – – – Anthocerophyta – – – – – – – Hemitracheophyta – – – – – – – – Bryophyta sensu stricto – – – – – – – – Polysporangiophyta – – – – – – – – – †Horneophyta – – – – – – – – – Tracheophyta – – – – – – – – – – Lycophyta – – – – – – – – – – Euphyllophyta – – – – – – – – – – – Moniliformopses – – – – – – – – – – – – †Cladoxylopsida – – – – – – – – – – – – Equisetophyta – – – – – – – – – – – – Filicophyta – – – – – – – – – – – Lignophyta – – – – – – – – – – – – †Aneurophytales – – – – – – – – – – – – †Archaeopteridales – – – – – – – – – – – – Spermatophyta – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Lyginopteridales – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Medullosanales – – – – – – – – – – – – – †Gigantopteridales – – – – – – – – – – – – – Ginkgophyta – – – – – – – – – – – – – Cycadophyta – – – – – – – – – – – – – Pinophyta – – – – – – – – – – – – – Gnetophyta – – – – – – – – – – – – – Angiospermae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Amborellales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Nymphaeales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Austrobaileyales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Euangiosperms – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Chloranthales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Ceratophyllales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Magnoliidae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Magnoliales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Laurales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Canellales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Piperales 286 Appendix Table A.3 (continued) – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Monocotyledons – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Acorales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Alismatales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Eumonocotyledons – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Miyoshiales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Dioscoreales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Pandanales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Liliales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Asparagales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Commelinidae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Eudicots – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Ranunculalaes – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Sabiales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Proteales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Buxales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Trochodendrales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Core eudicots – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Berberidopsidales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Santalales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Dilleniales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Caryophyllales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Saxifragales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Vitales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Rosidae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Crossosomatales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Geraniales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Myrtales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Eurosids I – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Eurosids II – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Asteridae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Cornales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Ericales – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Euasteridae – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Euasterids I – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Euasterids II Note: Major clades used frequently in the text for comparative purposes are in boldface type. Extinct taxa are marked with a †. Classification modified from Lecointre and Le Guyader (2006), Donoghue (2005), APG II (2003), and Niklas (1997). ...