The Ethical Treatment of Depression: Autonomy through Psychotherapy

Notes

Chapter 1 1. National Center for Health Statistics. 2007. Health, United States, 2007. Hyattsville, MD. 2. Healy, D. 2000. Good science or good business? The Hastings Center Report 30 (2):19–22. 3. World Health Organization. 2008. Global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva: WHO Press. 4. Ibid. 5. Greenberg, P. E., and H. G. Birnbaum. 2005. The economic burden of depression in the US: societal and patient perspectives. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 6 (3):369–76. 6. Styron, W. 1990. Darkness visible: a memoir of madness. New York: Random House. p. 50. 7. Ellis, P. M., and D. A. Smith. 2002. Treating depression: the beyondblue guidelines for treating depression in primary care. “Not so much what you do but that you keep doing it.” The Medical Journal of Australia 176 Suppl:S77–83. 8. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2005. Mental Health Services in Australia 2003–2004. Canberra. p. 44. 9. When I refer to antidepressant medication (ADM), I refer to the current, most commonly prescribed categories, namely, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). 10. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. p. 46. 11. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. p. 48. 12. National Center for Health Statistics. Notes 176 Notes 13. Stagnitti, M.N. 2008. Antidepressants prescribed by medical doctors in office based and outpatient settings by specialty for the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population, 2002 and 2005. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 14. National Institute for Health Care Management. 2002. Prescription drug expenditures in 2001. Washington. 15. Ellis and Smith. 16. Hollon, S. D., R. J. DeRubeis, R. C. Shelton, J. D. Amsterdam, R. M. Salomon, J. P. O’Reardon, M. L. Lovett, P. R. Young, K. L. Haman, B. B. Freeman, and R. Gallop. 2005. Prevention of relapse following cognitive therapy vs medications in moderate to severe depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 62 (4):417–22. 17. See chapter 4, section 4.5.2, for the derivation of these figures. 18. See the appendix. 19. A formal definition of depression from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is included in chapter 4, section 4.1. 20. Ellis, P. 2004. Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 38 (6):389–407. 21. While interpersonal therapy is effective in depression and problem-solving therapy demonstrates promising results, I concentrate on CBT because it has been more extensively investigated and its mechanism of action has been more comprehensively elucidated. It is important to state at the outset that the arguments put forward in this book pertain to elements of CBT that might also form part of other therapies. If this were the case, then my arguments would apply, all else being equal, to the other therapies as well. 22. Ellis and Smith. 23. An important qualifier is that a combination of ADM and psychotherapy is likely to be more effective than either treatment alone in the management of chronic depression (symptoms for more than 2 years) of at least moderate severity. See de Maat, S. M., J. Dekker, R. A. Schoevers, and F. de Jonghe. 2007. Relative efficacy of psychotherapy and combined therapy in the treatment of depression: a meta-analysis. European Psychiatry 22 (1):1–8. 24. Ellis and Smith. 25. Henceforth, when I use the term “depression,” I do so in relation to mild, moderate, and severe uncomplicated major depression, the categories to which my argument pertains. 26. Ellis and Smith. Notes 177 27. American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder, 2nd ed. 28. American Psychiatric Association. 2005. Guideline watch for the practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. 29. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. 2007. Depression (amended): management of depression in primary and secondary care. London: NICE (Clinical Guideline 23). 30. Around two-thirds of depressive episodes are triggered by identifiable psychosocial stressors, a point I expand on at length in chapters 4 and 6. See Kendler, K. S., L. M. Karkowski, and C. A. Prescott. 1999. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 156 (6):837–41. 31. Ibid. 32. Some writers, most notably Randolph Nesse, have argued that depression may have adaptive utility in facilitating disengagement from futile goals, procuring care from close friends and family, and inhibiting...