Slavery and the Birth of an African City: Lagos, 1760--1900

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List of Abbreviations AEH African Economic History AHR American Historical Review APB Arquivo Público do Estado da Bahia, Brazil ASR African Studies Review AST, MPE Archivio di Stato Sezione Prima, Turin, Materie Politiche Relative al Estero BL British Library CEA Cahiers d’études africaines CJAS Canadian Journal of African Studies CMS YM Church Missionary Society, Yoruba Mission Papers, Birmingham University Library CO Colonial Office Papers COL Colonial Office Library CSO Records of the Nigerian Secretariat, Lagos FO Foreign Office Papers GP Papers of John Hawley Glover, Royal Commonwealth Society Collections , Cambridge University Library IJAHS International Journal of African Historical Studies JAH Journal of African History JHSN Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria JNCC Judges’ Notebooks, Civil Cases, High Court, Lagos State LLR Lagos Land Registry LPR Lagos Probate Registry LS Lagos Standard LWR Lagos Weekly Record NLR Nigerian Law Reports NNA Nigerian National Archives, Ibadan OR Report of Col. Ord, Commissioner to Inquire into the Condition of British Settlements on the West Coast of Africa, Parliamentary Papers 1865.XXXVII.287 PP Parliamentary Papers (House of Commons Sessional Papers) P&P Past and Present PROL Papers Relating to the Occupation of Lagos, 1861, Parliamentary Papers 1862.LXI.339 PRRL Papers Relative to the Reduction of Lagos, 1851, Parliamentary Papers 1852.LIV.221 Notes RHL Rhodes House Library RP Papers of Sir Samuel Rowe, Record Office for Leicestershire, Leicester, and Rutland RWCA Report from the Select Committee Appointed to Consider the State of British Establishments on the Western Coast of Africa, Parliamentary Papers 1865.V.1 S&A Slavery and Abolition T Treasury Office Papers UIL University of Ibadan Library WALC West African Lands Committee WMQ William and Mary Quarterly Introduction 1. David Eltis, “The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Reassessment Based on the Second Edition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade Database” (paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association, Philadelphia, Pa., January 2006). 2. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770– 1823 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1975), 39–49; Howard Temperley, British Antislavery, 1833–1870 (London: Longman, 1972), chap. 9; Philip D. Curtin, The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action, 1780–1850 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), chaps. 9–12. 3. P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, Innovation and Expansion, 1688–1914, vol. 1 of British Imperialism (London: Longman, 1993). 4. A long debate has played out in the literature over the relative importance of external and internal forces of change in Africa during the era of the slave trade, which Patrick Manning usefully reviews in “Contours of Slavery and Social Change in Africa,” AHR 88 (1983): 835–57. More recent contributions include John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1680 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); and David Eltis, The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), chaps. 6–7. The goal, surely, ought to be not to show that one was more important than the other, but to better understand the relationship between them in specific times and places. 5. The former was, of course, a major goal of the nationalist historiography of the independence period. Classic texts include J. F. A. Ajayi and Robert Smith, Yoruba Warfare in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964); Bolanle Awe, “The Ajele System (A Study of Ibadan Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century),” JHSN 3 (1964): 47–60; Bolanle Awe, “The End of an Experiment : The Collapse of the Ibadan Empire, 1877–1893,” JHSN 3 (1965): 221– 30; J. D. Omer-Cooper, The Zulu Aftermath: A Nineteenth-Century Revolution in Bantu Africa (London: Longmans, 1966); and Ivor Wilks, Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975). Nothing demonstrates the second point better than the history of blacks in 328 / Notes to pages 1–2 modern South Africa. Suggestive titles include Charles van Onselen, Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand, 1886–1914, 2 vols. (Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1982); William Beinart and Colin Bundy, Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa: Politics and Popular Movements in the Transkei and Eastern Cape, 1890–1930 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987); Belinda Bozzoli, with Mmantho Nkotsoe, Women of Phokeng: Consciousness, Life Strategy, and Migrancy in South Africa, 1900–1983 (Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1991); Clifton Crais, White Supremacy and Black Resistance in Pre-industrial South Africa: The...