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Index Italicized page numbers indicate illustrations. Abaev, V. I., 246 Abaza language, 246 Abdrakhimov, Mufti, 101 Abkhaz people/language, 246, 249, 385 Abkhazia, 471 abreki/abrechestvo (bandits/banditry), 9–10, 20, 23, 239–40, 261–62; in Caucasian war, 241; historicized view of, 249–53; Orientalized view of, 240–45, 242, 243; origin and meaning of term, 245–49; response to Russian reforms and, 253, 255–57, 261; as Robin Hoods, 239, 248–49, 260; sporadic revivals of banditry, 257–61 Academy of Sciences, 38, 40, 41; expeditions organized by, 51; mapping and, 52–53, 126; questionnaires and, 48; regionalization and, 126, 136, 148; wartime ethnography and, 142 Adams, John, 497 Administration of Irregular Armies, 350, 351, 352 Adygs (Circassians), 240, 241, 242, 245, 246, 247; customary law among, 251–52; hereditary warlords, 249, 250, 253; language of, 247; Pushkin’s description, 256–57; Russian state reforms and, 253 agriculture, 48, 50, 72, 74; Caucasian highlanders and, 244; central agricultural zone of Russia, 89; colonization and, 440, 443; formation of Soviet Union and, 140, 148, 154, 155; regionalization and, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135; Soviet collective farms, 270, 271, 282, 288; Special Commission on Needs of Agriculture, 89 Akhtiamov, I. A., 394 Aksakov, I. S., 74–76, 78, 79, 81–82, 88, 499 Aksakov, Konstantin, 508n18 Aksakov, Sergei, 97–98 Alaska, 52 Aleksandrov, Ivan, 148–50, 154, 156, 157, 159 Aleksei, Bishop of Chistopol, 333, 334 Aleksei (Alexis) I Mikhailovich, Tsar, 33, 84, 226 Alektorov, A. E., 484 Aleutian Islands, 65n82 Alexander I, Emperor, 113, 317; constitutionalism and, 497, 507n15; Muslim clerics and, 118–19n45; representations on coinage , 300–301, 305–306, 308 Alexander II, Emperor, 69, 169, 456; assassination of, 110; Bashkiria and, 95, 105, 109, 112, 113, 124n102; Don Cossacks and, 351–52, 357; glasnost’ policy, 503; Great Reforms and, 104, 112, 321; nationalism and, 469, 488; periodization of reign, 463; Polish currency problem and, 309; public opinion of Russian elites and, 460; RussoTurkish War and, 482; Siberia and, 450 Alexander III, Emperor, 110, 188; counterreform and, 456, 483, 488; Don Cossacks and, 361, 362; nationalism as state ideology and, 483; “popular autocracy” and, 320; reactionary characterization of, 463 Algeria, 178, 196 Ali-Hajji, 259 Alkin, S.-G. Sh., 394 All-Russian Census, 133, 143 All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), 145, 146–48, 156, 159, 160–61 All-Union Census, 161 Ames, Michael, 269 Amirejibi, Chabua, 248 Amur region, 177, 377, 430, 437, 442; freed exiles and convicts in, 441; governorgeneralship of, 439; Russian settlers in, 509n34 anarchists, 500, 502, 504–505 Andi language, 249 Andrei, Bishop of Mamdysh, 332, 333 Andunik, 249 animism, 170 Annenkov, M. N., 436 anthropology, 143, 145, 219 Antonii (Am¤teatrov), Archbishop, 322, 323 Anuchin, D. G., 431–32 Anzoronov, Muhammad, 256 Arabic script/language, 249, 259, 264n29 Arctic regions, 33, 51 Arkhangel’sk (city and province), 80, 83, 149, 372, 380 Arkhiv Marksa i Engelsa (journal), 275 Armenia/Armenians, 79, 146, 471, 472; Duma elections and, 383, 384, 388, 393; in Soviet Union, 156–57, 158 Arsen’ev, K. I., 71–72, 84, 128, 131, 136, 428 Asia, xvi, 43, 73, 77, 86 assimilation, cultural, 169, 170, 173, 174; educational system and, 474; of Muslims, 326; Russian policy concerning, 180 Astrakhan (city and province), 39, 77, 79; Duma elections in, 370, 371, 372, 382; khanate of, 56n11; “remoteness” of, 83 Atabay of Karachay, 257 Atazhukin, Tau-Sultan, 256 Atlas of Materials for Statistics on the Russian Empire, 127 atlases, 38, 46, 47–48, 60n42, 127, 128 Atlasov, Kh. M., 394 Australia, 451 Austria, 299, 369, 451, 470 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 505 autocracy, 13, 15, 207, 444, 467, 495; administration of periphery and, 426; corrupt administrative practices and, 110; Decembrists and, 498–99; decentralization and, 368; empire as state form and, 25; historical critiques of, 500–502; modernization and, 461; multi-confessional elite and, 104; nationalism and, 483; nation-state policy, 472; noble landowners and, 97; “popular,” 320; revolutionary overthrow (1917), 204, 404, 405; territorial expansion and, 54, 431, 433; zemstvo as limit on, 121n73 Avars, 240, 241, 244, 246, 249; khans, 256; language of, 249; songs and epics, 252–53 Aver’kov, P. B., 352, 353 Azerbaijan: abreki in, 247, 258, 259; Azeri language, 248; Duma elections and, 384, 387, 388, 389, 393; in Soviet Union, 148, 149, 154, 156–57, 158 Badie, B., 486, 487–88 Bagin, S., 330 Baku, 376, 380, 382 Bakunin, Mikhail, 500, 504, 505 Balkans, 480, 481 Balkars, 260 Baltic provinces, 43, 296; Baltic question, 320...

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