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Glossary aksakal: respected Central Asian elder; literally “white beard” bai: a wealthy Uzbek, often a member of the landholding elite; used by Russians as a pejorative term after 1917 Basmachi: literally “bandits;” term used by Russians to designate Central Asian opponents to Soviet rule (in Uzbek, known as qorboshi) desiatina: 2.7 acres funt: approximately 0.9 pounds Jadid: member of a group of Muslim modernist thinkers that emerged in Central Asia at the turn of the twentieth century madrasa: an institute of higher learning, focusing on Islamic religion and culture mahalla: a neighborhood in Muslim cities mulla: an Islamic cleric obshchestvo: a Russian term generally equated to “educated society” Okhrana: Tsarist secret police pud: approximately 36 pounds qazi: Islamic religious judge qazi-kalan: chief religious judge among Tashkent Muslims Sart: a term used by Central Asian locals before the Russian conquest to designate the sedentary population of the region. Tsarist authorities employed the moniker to designate Turkic-speaking urban-dwellers, and it eventually gained a pejorative connotation. Glossary 238 sharia: Islamic law tuzemtsy: Russian term meaning “natives;” applied to the local population of Turkestan ulama: carriers of Islamic legal and religious knowledge, including mullas and other learned individuals ...

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