Yoruba Ritual: Performers, Play, Agency

Index

Index Aba, 27 Ab~okuta, 97-98 Abiku (child "born to die"), 59 AbimbQla, Wande, 46 AbiQdun, Rowland, xiv-xv, 184 Abraham, R. C., 13 Ache, 27 Achievements, funeral rituals and deceased's, 42 Action, Yoruba theory of, xix Actors, 32, 173-74 Adedeji, Joel, 91 Adie, 120, 125, 177, 215n Ado~u, 182 Adults, It~fa ritual and, 72-73 Agbo masks, 166-67 Age. See Seniority Ag~mQ festival: contention over rules, 197; cross..dressing, 177; former sociopolitical system, 135; funeral rituals, 45; hierarchies and power in Ijebuland, 138; ideological conflict, 113-15; pilgrimage, 116-19, 214n; positionality and perspective, 12023 ; representations and social reality, 25; ritual precedent for mask, 94; SQt~ and Awujal~ 151; transformation and power, 124-25; women and ritual performances, 172, 180 Agency, improvisation and ritual, 26-28 Ag£;r£;, 181 Agogo, 182 Aito (segments within ritual), 31, 197 Ajagbo, 220n AN (woman with extraordinary power), 177-78 Ajobiewe, 99 Ajofunoyinbo, 94-95, 213n Ajogun (spirits of hardship), 207n Akoko leaves, 210n AkQnQrQn, 36 Ahibala masks, 92, 93 Ahlg~mQ (member of Ag~mQ society), 93-94 Alawo (lfa initiates), 24 Alcoholism, 72 Americans: It~fa and identity, 76; Yoruba religion and, 27, 209n Amututu, 212n Ancestors: change in ritual, 9-10; funeral rituals, 41; It~fa, 84. See also Egungun Animating spirits (~mi), 56, 172 Annual Rally. See Imewuro Annual Rally Apena, 57 Apidan (performance of "miracles"), 94, 97, 98-104, 213n. See also Egungun Apostolic Church, 117-18, 125 Art, ritual roles and gender, 174-76, 189 A~£; (performative power), xix, 27-28, 177 A~ipad£;, 214n A~Q olQgbQn, 40 Authoritarianism, 199-200 Awo (esoteric knowledge), 24, 200, 210n Aworan, 13, 15 Awoy~mi, Rev. Father Valentine, 168-69 Awujal~: Ag~mQ festival, 114-15, 122-23, 126, 128, 151; neya festival, 136, 142-43 Axe, 27 AyanmQ (associated with prenatal destiny), 208n AyelabQla, 95-96 Baba parikoko, 22, 23 Baloguns, 137-38, 148 Barber, Karin, 103 Bariba mask, 101 Behavior, restored and repetition, 3 Beier, Ulli, 4 Ben..Amos, Dan, 12 Berry, Sara, 23 Betrothal, 187 Biobaku, S. 0., 176 Blindness, 124 Brazil, 207n Breaking the Bracelet (Itud~), 181 Breast..feeding, 188 Bride: Egungun mask, 96-97, 101, 214n; marriage and price, 187 British: adaptation of Ileya festival to political structure, 151-52, 153; colonial strategy, 162; invasion of Ij~bu, 138, 140, 217n; Islam and Christianity in Ij~bu, 218n; judicial system and partrilineal descent, 220n; relationship with Balogun Kuku, 141, 142; slave trade in Ij~bu, 216n; SQt~'s travels and appropriation of symbols, 149. See also Whites Bullroarers, 209n Caretaker (at£;jumole), 43 Catholicism, 168-69 Celebration, funeral rituals, 41-42 236 de Certeau, Michel, 23, 89 Chameleon (ag~mQ), 94, 124 Change, in ritual, 8-10 Characters, Apidan performances, 96 Chernoff, John Miller, 2-3 Chieftaincy titles, female, 189 Childbirth, 96 Children: construction of gender and procreation, 186; pregnancy and possession, 185; rituals and identity, 61-62. See also Infants; It~fa Christianity: Apostolic Church and Ag~mQ ritual, 117-18, 125; Baloguns and Ileya festival, 150; change in ritual and, 9-10; funeral rituals and increase in, 208n; Imewuro Annual Rally, 168-69; Islam in Ij~bu, 216n; Kuku's conversion to Islam, 141-42; malleability of Yoruba ritual performance and tolerance of, 27 Clapperton, Hugh, 4, 189, 205n Cloth, 40, 99, 146, 213n. See also Colors Clothing, 5, 136-37. See also Costumes; Cross~dressing Cocoa industry, 23 Coffins, 40 Colonialism: adaptation of Ileya festival to political structure, 153; Kuku and power relationships, 142; sociopolitical system, 130; use of term "Yoruba," 12; Westerners and Yoruba concept of play, 19. See also British Colors, 147, 150, 178, 209n Comic figures, 101 Commonality, 114 Communitas, ideological and existential, 164, 198-99 Competition: funerals and structure of performance, 44, 45-46; Ileya festival, 149-50 Conflict: Ag~mQ performances, 113-15, 125-30; Oy~ku meji, 212n Containers, palm nuts and ritual, 75, 180-86 Convention, reconstitution of, 169-71 Conversation, O~itQla's as improvisation, 61 Cosmetologists, funerary, 39, 40, 41, 42 Costumes, 146. See also Clothing Creativity: Egungun performances and, 90; It~fa ritual, 88; repetition and representation, 1. See also Improvisation Crocker, Christopher, 185 Cross~dressing, 137, 177, 185, 190. See also Transvestites Crossroads, 26, 45, 205n Culture, individual experience, 25 Curses and cursing, 118, 124 Dahomeans, 100 Dance: close conceptual and formal link with music, 7; funeral rituals, 41-42; Ileya festival and horses, 147-48; journeying Index and ritual, 36-37; possessed...