The Battle of Heligoland Bight

Notes

notes 1. THE CONTEXT OF THE BATTLE OF HELIGOLAND BIGHT 1. James L. Stokesbury, Navy and Empire (New York: William and Morrow, 1983), 280–282. 2. Eric W. Osborne, Cruisers and Battle Cruisers (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC– CLIO, 2004), 75. 3. Great Britain, Public Record Of¤ce, “The Strategic Aspect of Our Building Program ,” 20 July 1905, CAB 37/81/173 (PRO). 4. Great Britain, Public Record Of¤ce, “Strategic Considerations Regarding France and Russia,” 1901, CAB 38/1/4 (PRO), 31. 5. Ibid., 33. 6. Holger H. Herwig, Luxury Fleet: The Imperial German Navy, 1888–1918 (London : George Allen and Unwin, 1980), 13. 7. For an overview of this document, see Terrell D. Gottshall, By Order of the Kaiser: Otto von Diederichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy, 1865–1902 (Annapolis: NavalInstitutePress,2003),100–101.Fortheoriginaldocument,seeDenkschriftbetreffend die weitere Entwickelung der Kaiserliche Marine, 5 December 1883, BAMA, RM 1/1848. 8. Roger Chesneau and Eugene Kolesnik, eds., Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships, 1860–1905 (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1979), 242–263. 9. Lamar Cecil, Wilhelm II, vol. 2: Emperor and Exile 1900–1941 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 86. 10. Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 17. 11. Jonathan Steinberg, Yesterday’s Deterrent: Tirpitz and the Birth of the German Battle Fleet (New York: Macmillan, 1965), 209–221. 12. Paul Kennedy, “The Development of German Naval Operations: Plans against England, 1896–1914,” English Historical Review, vol. 89, no. 350 (January 1974): 55. 13. Tirpitz, Politische Dokumente, vol. 1 (Stuttgart, Germany: 1924), 462–463. 14. Wilhelm Deist, Flottenpolitik und Flottenpropaganda: Das Nachrichtenbureau des Reichsmarineamtes, 1897–1914 (Stuttgart, Germany: Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, 1976), 157. 15. Tirpitz, Politische Dokumente, 462–463. 122 16. Eric W. Osborne, Britain’s Economic Blockade of Germany, 1914–1919 (London: Frank Cass, 2004), 20. 17. G. P. Gooch and Harold Temperley, eds., British Documents on the Origins of the War, 1898–1914. Vol. 6: Anglo-German Tension: Armaments and Negotiation, 1907–1912. London: HMSO, 1930. 18. Ernest L. Woodward, Great Britain and the German Navy (New York: Clarendon Press, 1935), 374. 19. Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 59, 70. 20. Winston Churchill, The World Crisis: 1911–1914, vol. 1 (London: Thornton Butterworth , 1923), 95. 21. Paul Halpern, A Naval History of World War I (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 7–8. 22. Gottschall, 121. 23. Great Britain, Foreign Of¤ce, Historical Section, The Kiel Canal and Heligoland , Handbook Prepared under the Direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Of¤ce, No. 41 (London: HMSO, 1920), 4. 24. George Drower, Heligoland: The True Story of German Bight and the Island That Britain Betrayed (Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton, 2002), 116. 25. Arthur Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904–1919, vol. 1: The Road to War, 1904–1910 (London: Oxford University Press, 1961), 367. 26. W. R. Robertson, in Great Britain, Public Record Of¤ce, “The Military Resources of Germany, and Probable Method of Their Employment in a War between Germany and England,” p. 1, 7 February 1903, CAB 38/4/9 (PRO). 27. E. A. Altham, in Great Britain, Public Record Of¤ce, “Memorandum on the Military Policy to Be Adopted in a War with Germany,” 10 February 1903, p. 8, CAB 38/4/9 (PRO). 28. Halpern, Naval History, 21. 29. Nicholas Lambert, “British Naval Policy, 1913–1914: Financial Limitations and Strategic Revolution,” Journal of Modern History 67 (September 1995): 600. See also John Beeler, British Naval Policy in the Gladstone-Disraeli Era, 1866–1880 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1997), 212. See also Osborne, Britain’s Economic Blockade of Germany, 45. 30. Great Britain, Public Record Of¤ce, “Minutes of the 114th meeting of the Committee of Imperial Defense,” pp. 11–15, 23 August 1911, CAB 2/2 (PRO). 31. Andrew Lambert, “Admiral Sir Arthur Knyvett-Wilson, V.C. (1910–1911),” in Malcolm Murfett, ed., The First Sea Lords: From Fisher to Mountbatten (London: Praeger, 1995), 49. 32. Osborne, Britain’s Economic Blockade of Germany, 49. 33. Drower, 155–156. 34. Marder, Road to War, 256–257. 35. Gottschall, 124–125. 36. Ibid., 284. 37. Ibid., 126. 38. Ibid., 127. 39. Kennedy, “The Development of German Naval Operations,” p. 51. 40. “Immediatvortrang Betreffend Grundzüge für einen Operationsplan Deutschlands allein gegen England allein,” 31 May 1897, BAMA, F. 5587, III. 1. no.10, vol. 1. 41. Jonathan Steinberg, “A German Plan for the Invasion of Holland and Belgium, 1897,” Historical Journal 6, no...