Dirt, Undress, and Difference: Critical Perspectives on the Body's Surface

INDEX

257 index Aba Commission of Inquiry (Nigeria), 46–47 Ableman, Paul, 107, 116 Adornments, bodily, 34, 39, 43–44, 97, 107, 109–110, 150–151, 163, 249 Advertisements, 179–182, 184 Agency, 107, 118, 128; personal, 229; of refugees , 249–250; women’s 242–243 Alterations. See Body surfaces, alterations of Anxieties, 116, 200, 244; Islamic, 144; and purity, 219–220 Appearance, 238, 246; alteration of, 115, 176, 237, 240; concerns about, 134, 204; external (zaher), 234, 239, 245, 247, 249, 251. See also Body surfaces Ashcroft, John (Attorney General), 4 Attire, 43, 61, 130, 135, 178. See also Clothing ; Dress Authority, 41, 184; female, 47 Bali (Indonesia), 18–19, 61–66, 68–69, 70, 72–73, 77, 79; and Balinization, 75 Bali Bra, 70–71, 73, 87 Bali Darma Laksana (Balinese organization), 78 Balonwu, Chief Patrick O. (Senior Advocate of Nigeria), 54, 55 Barthes, Roland, 111, 112–113 Basden, George T., 35, 36, 40, 42, 48 Bataille, André, 143–144 Batavia (Dutch colonial state), 65, 78 Bathers, female, 152–153; as sexualized objects, 155–156 Bathhouses, public, 6, 149–150, 152–155, 162–163, 164n11, 244; regulations on, 156; women’s, 239–240 Bathing, 21, 25n10, 67, 190–191; and children , 203–204; and elderly, 204; frequency of, 214, 218–220, 243, 246; and magic, 195–196, 197; mixed, 152–156, 160, 163, 165n17; and purification, 213, 216–217, 244–245; and purity, 217, 220, 226; reasons for, 192–193, 200–201, 206, 244; rituals of, 200, 205, 218–219; as selfdevelopment , 201–203, 208; symbolism of, 207–208. See also Baths; Cleanliness; Soap; Washing Baths, 14, 191, 199, 207; as boundary markers, 192, 205; daily, 206, 208; preparation of, 196–198 Baul people (India), 228–229 Beauty, 10, 65, 70, 114–115, 192, 209n4, 223–224, 247 Behavior, 128, 206; civilized, 183; female, 236–237, 239; modest, 236, 241; proper, 238; public, 37–38; regulation of, 106; sexual, 43, 249 Beidelman, T. O., 9 Bengal, West (India), 21–22, 213–214, 216, 229 Berger, John (art critic), 3, 15, 67, 80, 88 Body, 8, 22, 35, 54, 123, 128, 240, 243, 246; bourgeois, 170; control over, 226, 245; covered, 87, 132, 138, 156–157, 238 (see also Dress); as covering, 241; fluidity of, 219–220, 222; and gender, 220, 234, 237; human, 2, 7; management of, 214, 217–218, 225; naked, 2, 63, 66, 107, 131; non-Western, 9, 15, 18; nude, 100, 106, 109; representations of, 3, 15, 37, 105; sexualized, 151, 163; uncovered, 35, 67, 84, 88, 110, 144, 150 (see also Undress); veiled, 25n9; Western, 15, 34, 53. See also Body surfaces; Exposure, bodily; Female body; Gaze; Male body; Nude, artistic Body markings, 6, 57n7, 108–109, 248. See also Body surfaces, alteration of; Tattoos; Tooth painting Body politics, 16, 23 Body surfaces, 2–3, 88, 97, 99, 223, 236–238, 250; alteration of, 108–109, 185, 241, Index 258 Body surfaces (continued) 246–249; and cleanliness, 10; concealment of, 160; and dirt, 6; politicization of, 21, 170; significance of, 5, 7–9, 14, 17– 18, 22, 66, 151, 163; viewing of, 35. See also Body markings; Circumcision, pharaonic ; Cosmetic surgery; Hymen repair; Skin; Tattoos; Tooth painting Body types, 106–107, 109, 115 Bori (Niger), 19, 124–126, 130–132, 142. See also Possession, spirit; Possession ceremony Boroujerdi, Mehrzad, 233 Botswana, 21, 190–192, 194, 196, 206–208 Boundaries, 7, 12, 105, 132; bodily, 35, 219, 222, 237, 246; community, 170, 234– 235, 242, 245, 247, 250–251; cultural, 192, 234; markers of, 192, 205, 246; moral, 5, 22, 144–145; social, 4, 11, 23, 137, 185, 219 Brahmans, 21, 25n12, 214, 218, 220, 221, 229. See also Castes; Hierarchy, caste Brassiere, 70, 88, 130. See also Bali Bra Breasts, bared, 19, 35, 40, 61–63, 66, 68–72, 77–78, 87, 88, 90n4, 91n14, 161; concealment of, 73–76, 80–82 British troops, 171–173, 181 Burlesque, 111; campaigns against, 103–104 Burqa (Afghan Islamic dress), 4 Burton, Sir Richard, 174, 176 Bush, Laura, 4 Carey, Joyce (British author), 51 Castes, 213, 216, 219, 221–224, 227, 230n1; Scheduled, 214, 217–218, 221. See also Brahmans; Hierarchy, caste Cattleposts, 202–204, 210n15 Ceremonies, 242; funeral, 201, 204; wedding, 197, 239–240. See also Possession ceremony ; Rituals Chador (Iranian Islamic dress), 234, 235, 238– 239, 242, 244 ChevronTexaco (Nigeria), 16, 47, 55 Childbirth, 220, 222, 239 Childhood, 39 Children, 38, 135, 137–138, 202–204, 206 Christianity, 2, 10, 21, 43–44, 66...