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319 Notes Foreword . Devesh Kapur, John P. Lewis, and Richard Webb, eds., The World Bank: Its First Half Century, vol. , History (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, ). . Louis Emmerij, Richard Jolly, and Thomas G. Weiss, Ahead of the Curve? UN Ideas and Global Challenges (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, ), xi. . Midge Decter, The Liberated Woman and Other Americans: On Being a Woman, on Being a Liberal, on Being an American (New York: Coward, McGann & Geoghegan, ), . 1. Has There Been Progress? . “Human rights” is used here for all rights—economic, social, and cultural as well as political and civil. . See Louis Emmerij, Richard Jolly, and Thomas G. Weiss, Ahead of the Curve? UN Ideas and Global Challenges (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, ), –. . “Declaration on the Right to Development,” General Assembly resolution A/ RES//, December . . “United Nations Millennium Declaration,” General Assembly resolution A/ RES//, September . . Charter of the United Nations, Preamble. . Ibid., Chapter I, Article (), . . Ibid., Chapter IX, Article , . . Emmerij, Jolly, and Weiss, Ahead of the Curve, Chapter . . Cynics would no doubt replace such brave adjectives with “gross contradictions with policy and action by the major powers of the time.” But emphasizing the contradictions misses the point and underplays the increasing influence of these declarations over the years that followed. Not at once but gradually and unevenly, in country after country, the various rights of the Universal Declaration have had a significant and spreading effect. This is being elaborated in the forthcoming volume in this series, Roger Normand and Sarah Zaidi, The Unfinished Revolution: Human Rights in the United Nations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, forthcoming). . Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article . Available online at http:// www.un.org/Overview/rights.html. . Ibid., Articles and (). . Outside the UN, it was the s before a few pioneers started emphasizing the ethical dimensions and dilemmas of development. See Denis J. Goulet, The Cruel Choice: A New Concept in the Theory of Development (New York: Athenaeum, ); Godfrey Gunatilleke, Neelen Tiruchelvam, and Radhika Coomaraswamy, eds., Ethical Dilemmas of Development in Asia (Lexington and Toronto: Lexington Books, ); N. Dower, What Is Development? A Philosopher’s Answer, Centre for Development Studies Occasional Paper Series (Glasgow: University of Glasgow, ); David Crocker, “Toward Development Ethics,” World Development , no. (May ): –. More recently, there is N. Dower, World Ethics: The New Agenda (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, ). . On this point, see Arthur Lewis’s claim in his The Theory of Economic Growth (London: Allen and Unwin, ): “The authoritarian governments are in this respect at an advantage in comparison with the democratic governments. They can push the government’s share up to twenty or thirty percent of the national income, and use half the proceeds for capital formation, without bothering about what will happen in the ballot box, if there is a ballot box. The democratic governments are in greater difficulty. Here and there a great democratic leader is able to carry his people through a phase of relative privation for the sake of building up the nation. But such leaders are rare. In many other countries democracy is an obstacle to speeding up the rate of economic growth. Perhaps this is as it should be; we are not concerned in this chapter with the desirability or otherwise of economic growth” (). . See “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women,” General Assembly resolution A/RES//, December ; and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, General Assembly resolution A/RES//, November . . Following the establishment in of the Office of UN High Commission for Refugees on a temporary basis, the UN General Assembly adopted several treaties concerning refugees and stateless persons. See the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees ( July ), the Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons ( September ), and the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness ( August ). . See the work done by the ILO and “International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families,” General Assembly resolution A/RES//, December . . “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,” UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/A (XXI), December . . “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,” UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/A (XXI), December . . Theo van Boven, “Human Rights and Development: The UN Experience,” in Human Rights and Development: International Views, ed. David P. Forsythe (Basingstoke: Macmillan, ), . . Declaration on the Right to Development, Article (). . For the main declarations made by the UN regarding human rights and development, see van Boven, “Human Rights and Development.” 320 Notes to pages 7–9 [34...