Ring Out Freedom!: The Voice of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement

Notes

235 Notes Introduction 1.“I Have a Dream,”Washington,D.C.,August 28,1963,in Clayborne Carson and Kris Shepard, eds., A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Intellectual Properties Management in association with Warner Books, 2001), 87. Hereafter , the date and location of speeches and sermons will be presented in the first footnote in which the respective speech or sermon appears;thereafter I will refer only to the title. Speeches and sermons that have the same title will be presented with the location and date throughout the notes. In quotations from speeches and sermons, I have, for the sake of clarity and readability, omitted all audience responses. 2. See Taylor Branch’s books Parting the Waters:America in the King Years, 1954–63 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989); and Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–65 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998). The forthcoming final volume of the trilogy, covering the period 1965 to 1968, will be called At Canaan’s Edge. 3. Ella Baker, quoted in David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King,Jr.andThe Southern Christian Leadership Conference (London : Vintage, 1993), 625. 4. The terms “African American,” “black,” and “Negro” are all used in this study. “African American” and “black” are used rather interchangeably (depending on the context), while in order to avoid anachronisms I sometimes use “Negro” in discussions of passages in which King used that term. 5. Garrow, Bearing the Cross, 479. 6. Martin Luther King, Jr., Stride toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story (New York: Harper, 1958); Strength to Love (New York: Harper and Row, 1963); Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community? (New York: Harper and Row,1967); and The Trumpet of Conscience (New York: Harper and Row, 1968). 7. James Melvin Washington, ed., A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1991); and I Have a Dream:Writings and Speeches That Changed the World (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992). 8. Clayborne Carson, ed., The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., vol. 1, Called to Serve: January 1929–June 1951 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); vol. 2, Rediscovering Precious Values: July 1951– November 1955 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994); vol. 3, Birth of a New Age: December 1955–December 1956 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); and vol. 4, Symbol of the Movement: January 1957–December 1958 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000). Hereafter referred to by the title Papers and the volume number. 9. Clayborne Carson and Peter Holloran, eds., A Knock at Midnight: Inspiration From the Great Sermons of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Intellectual Properties Management in association with Warner Books,1998).Carson has also edited TheAutobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Intellectual Properties Management in association with Warner Books, 1998), which contains both published and previously unpublished material. 10. Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers, Special Collections Department, Mugar Library,Boston University,Boston,Massachusetts (hereafter King Papers, Boston University) and The Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers, King Library and Archives, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change, Atlanta, Georgia (hereafter King Library and Archives ). The box location of items in question will be provided only for the Boston material, since the Atlanta archive was in the middle of a cataloguing and rebuilding effort when I conducted my research there (1997), which unfortunately has the consequence that such direct references are impossible in this study. 11. See “Introduction” (1–14) in Lewis Baldwin, There Is a Balm in Gilead: The Cultural Roots of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,1991) for a good discussion of these viewpoints . 12. For typical examples, see Hanes Walton, Jr., The Political Philosophy of Martin Luther King,Jr. (Westport,Conn.:Greenwood Press,1971); Kenneth L. Smith and Ira G. Zepp, Search for the Beloved Community: The Thinking of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Valley Forge, Pa.: Judson Press, 1998); Ervin Smith, The Ethics of Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: E. Mellen Press, 1981); and John J. Ansbro, Martin Luther King, Jr.: The Making of a Mind (Maryknoll, N.Y.: Orbis, 1982). Noel Leo Erskine’s more recent King among theTheologians (Cleveland,Ohio:Pilgrim Press, 1994) may also be added to this list. 13. For typical examples, see Baldwin, There Is a Balm in Gilead and To Make the Wounded Whole: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota...