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NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. James Gouinlock critiques absolutism and relativism as “Janus faces of the same assumption ,” in Rediscovering the Moral Life (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus, 1993), 24. 2. As examples of this shift in focus outside the increasingly vital philosophical tradition that includes classical pragmatism, I have in mind such works as Charles Taylor’s “The Diversity of Goods,” in Utilitarianism and Beyond, ed. Bernard Williams and Amartya Sen (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 129–144; Bernard Williams’s Moral Luck (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1981) and Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985); Nel Noddings, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Alasdair MacIntyre’s After Virtue, 2nd ed. (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1984) and Whose Justice?Which Rationality? (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988); Martha Nussbaum’s The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in GreekTragedy and Philosophy (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1986) and Love’s Knowledge (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990); Owen Flanagan’s Varieties of Moral Personality: Ethics and Psychological Realism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991); and Mark Johnson’s Moral Imagination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993). 3. The most notable exception is Thomas Alexander’s “John Dewey and the Moral Imagination: Beyond Putnam and Rorty toward a Postmodern Ethics,” Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 29, no. 3 (1993): 369–400. The most comprehensive recent study of Dewey’s theory of intelligence is Michael Eldridge’s Transforming Experience (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1998). 4. Gregory Pappas’s comprehensive treatment of Dewey’s moral theory, John Dewey’s Ethics: Morality As Experience (in preparation), will help to address this need. For detailed engagement with Anglo-American metaethics, see Todd Lekan, Making Morality: Pragmatist Reconstruction in Ethical Theory (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2002). 1. HABIT AND CHARACTER 1. John J. McDermott, Streams of Experience: Reflections on the History and Philosophy of American Culture (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1986), 128. 2. John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Henry Beveridge (Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society, 1845), 806. 3. In Freedom and Culture, Dewey helpfully identifies at least six chief factors of culture (FC, LW 13:79): (1) law and politics, (2) industry and commerce, (3) science and technology , (4) the arts of expression and communication, (5) “morals, or the values men prize and the ways in which they evaluate them, (6) social philosophy, “the system of general ideas used by men to justify and to criticize the fundamental conditions under which they live.” In The Evolution of Culture in Animals (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, Notes 8/22/05 4:15 PM Page 131 1980), John Bonner offers a more inclusive definition suitable for ethological study: “Certain kinds of information can only be transmitted by behavioral means. . . . If the transmission of this difficult kind of information is adaptive, then there would be strong selection pressure for culture” (183). For a sustained criticism of the claim that survival strategies in nonhumans are genetically hard-wired rather than cultural, see Frans de Waal, The Ape and the Sushi Master (New York: Basic Books, 2001). For a troubling and decisive critique of biodeterminism, see Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996). 4. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, The Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1962), 87. 5. Mary Pipher, Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls (New York: Ballantine Books, 1994), 23. Cf. Pipher, Hunger Pains: The American Woman’s Tragic Quest for Thinness (New York: Ballantine Books, 1995). 6. For a psychological account of the emergence of the self in infancy compatible with Dewey’s work, see Daniel Stern’s The Interpersonal World of the Infant (New York: Basic Books, 1985). Humans are not the only animals to have evolved cultures. See Bonner, Evolution of Culture in Animals; de Waal, The Ape and the Sushi Master. 7. George Herbert Mead, “The Social Self,” in Selected Writings, ed. Andrew Reck (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), 146. 8. This does not entail that, so long as a culture sanctions it, anything goes. See Chapter 6. 9. Thomas Alexander, John Dewey’s Theory of Art, Experience, and Nature: The Horizons of Feeling (Albany: SUNY Press, 1987), 235. 10. Cf. MW 9:34–35. 11. Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the ModernWorld (1925; New York: Macmillan , 1953), vii. 12. From “Memories...