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Index abolitionism, 2, 6; and antiremoval movement, 9–10, 12–16; and Child, 49, 54; and Harper, 61, 63; literature of, 31, 38, 39, 47; and mulatto fiction, 32–33; and Native Americans, 7, 13–14; and power, 32, 38; and sexuality, 32–33 activism, 1, 110; and education, 91–92; vs. individualism , 100–103; in Mandy Oxendine, 103–104; of teachers, 93, 94–95, 98 Adams, John Quincy, 15 Adela the Octoroon (Hosmer), 65, 74 African Americans: as aliens, 10; and citizenship , 49–50; civil rights of, 21–22, 48; and colonization movement, 14; color of, 105–106; education of, 56–57, 59, 60, 61, 92–97, 109; exclusion from whiteness of, 11; hierarchy among, 59–60, 68–69, 81, 92, 96–98, 104, 105, 108, 109, 111, 130n34, 131n55; male, 48, 58, 72, 75, 87, 88, 89, 127n50; middle class, 69, 92; and Native Americans, 14, 15–16, 21–29; objectification of, 63, 89; patriarchy among, 72; as performers, 55–56; population of, 21; and Reconstruction, 48; and Seminoles, 14–15. See also blackness; communities, African American; leaders, African American ; mulatto figures African Methodist Episcopal church, 92, 95, 97 African-American writers, 2–3, 8. See also particular authors Africanist presence, 5–6, 18, 34 agency, 63, 66, 70 Alice (Last of the Mohicans), 11, 16, 23, 28, 29 American Adam figure, 5–6, 18–19 ancestry, 5, 37; in Last of the Mohicans, 16–19, 20, 21, 28 Anderson, James D., 94, 95, 131n46 Andrews, William L., 129n1 antebellum era, 7; and Harper, 108, 109–10; mulatto fiction in, 74 antiremoval movement, 7; and abolitionism, 9–10, 12–16 antislavery literature, 31, 38, 39, 47 Aptheker, Herbert, 12 Archy (The Slave), 30–31, 35–37, 39–40, 41–47 Archy Moore, the White Slave; or, Memoirs of a Fugitive (Hildreth), 47. See also The Slave; or, Memoirs of Archy Moore Atlantic (periodical), 3 Babb, Valerie, 1–2, 10 Baker, Houston, 3 Bell, Phillip A., 15 Bentley, Nancy, 66 Berkov, Lawrence, 77 Berlant, Lauren, 6 Birney, James G., 14 birth control, 33 blackness: and African American performers, 56; vs. American Adam, 5–6; and the American self, 34; and equality, 60; in The Grandissimes, 75, 82, 88; in Last of the Mohicans , 18; and sexuality, 86, 88; and slaves, 102; social construction of, 6; and U.S. census , 114; and whiteness, 2, 5, 71, 73, 74, 75, 79–80 Bost, Suzanne, 3 Bras Coupé (The Grandissimes), 77–78, 82, 83, 88–89 Brodhead, Richard, 109, 131n55 Brodwin, Stanley, 73 Brothertown Indians (Wisconsin), 15–16, 121n38 Brown, Sterling, 2, 3, 119n4, 120n4 Brown, William Wells, 5, 63, 66, 74 Butler, Octavia, 57, 116–17, 125n25 Cable, George Washington, 5, 8; The Grandissimes , 31, 71–90; “Tité Poulette,” 75, 83; views of, 75–76, 91, 129n50 Canaday, Nicholas, Jr., 42, 44, 45 Carby, Hazel, 4, 99 Cassy (The Slave), 31, 35–37, 39–40, 41 census, U.S., 113–15, 132n4 Chesnutt, Charles, 71; background of, 97, 107–108; and Booker T. Washington, 104, 131n46; on education, 93, 95, 108–109; vs. Harper, 97, 110, 111–12; Mandy Oxendine, 3, 8, 91–112 Child, Lydia Maria, 2, 5; background of, 49; The Christian Indian, 13; and colonization, 14; and Eden myth, 50–54; and Harper, 63; “The Quadroons,” 7, 52–53, 63, 66, 74; and removal policy, 12, 13; A Romance of the Republic, 3, 7, 8, 49, 50–61, 63, 65, 69–70, 121n40; on sexual abuse, 31; on The Slave, 30; and slavery, 121n40 Chingachook (Last of the Mohicans), 16, 23 Chopin, Kate, 71 Christian, Barbara, 99 The Christian Indian; or, The Times of the First Settlers (Child), 13 Christian Recorder (periodical), 3, 69 citizenship: of African Americans, 49–50; and education, 94, 111; in Iola Leroy, 100, 105; in Minnie’s Sacrifice, 61; of Native Americans , 16, 121n38; and racial identity, 4, 8; vs. sovereignty, 16; and whiteness, 16, 113 civil rights, 4, 10, 71, 115; for African American men, 48; and African Americans vs. Native Americans, 21–22; and Minnie’s Sacrifice, 61, 66, 68, 70 Civil War, 69, 128n14; in Iola Leroy, 99, 100, 105; in Minnie’s Sacrifice, 65, 66, 67–68 civilization, 23, 26, 33, 44, 90. See also social order Clarence (The Garies and Their Friends), 31, 42 class: in African American communities, 59–60, 68–69, 81, 92, 96, 97, 99, 104, 108, 109, 130n34, 131n55; and Chesnutt, 109, 111–12; and color, 102, 105–106, 130n34; and culture, 97, 98...

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