Red Priests: Renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, and Revolution, 1905-1946

notes

NOTES Preface 1. Leading works on neoinstitutionalism are Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), and W. Richard Scott and John W. Meyer and Associates, Institutional Environments and Organizations: Structural Complexity and Individualism (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE, 1994). A comprehensive overview of organizational theory is found in W. Richard Scott, Organizations: Rational, Natural and Open Systems, 4th ed. (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1998). 2. See Mark Chaves, Ordaining Women: Culture and Conflict in Religious Organizations (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 1997), and N. J. Demerath III et al., eds., Sacred Companies: Organizational Aspects of Religion and Religious Aspects of Organizations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998). 3. The explanations of isomorphism and decoupling that follow are based on Scott and Meyer, Institutional Environments, 2–3. 4. Victoria Alexander, “Environmental Constraints and Organizational Strategies: Complexity, Conflict, and Coping in the Nonprofit Sector,” in Walter W. Powell and Elisabeth Clemens, eds., Private Action and the Public Good (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). 5. Bishop Sergii (Larin), Obnovlencheskii raskol, 2 vols. (St. Petersburg Theological Academy Library, typescript, 1953–1959), 1: 1–4; and A. I. Kuznetsov, Obnovlencheskii raskol v Russkoi Tserkvi, 3 vols. (St. Petersburg Theological Academy Library, typescript, 1956–1959). Copies of both typewritten manuscripts are located in the libraries of the Moscow and St. Petersburg Theological Academies of the Russian Orthodox Church. See also A. A. Shishkin, Sushchnost’ i kriticheskaia otsenka “obnovlencheskogo” raskola russkoi pravoslavnoi tserkvi (Kazan: Kazan University Press, 1970), A. Levitin and V. Shavrov, Ocherki po istorii russkoi tserkovnoi smuti, 3 vols. (Switzerland: Institut Glaube in der 2. Welt, 1977), A. Ch. Kozarzhevskii, “A. I. Vvedenskii i obnovlencheskii raskol v Moskve,” Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, seriia 8, no. 1 (1989): 54–66, Philip Walters, “The Renovationist Coup: Personalities and Programmes,” in Church, Nation and State in Russia and Ukraine, edited by Geoffrey A. Hosking (London: Macmillan, in association with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1991), 250–270, and M. V. Shkarovskii, Obnovlencheskoe dvizhenie v Russkoi Pravoslavnoi Tserkvi XX veka (Nestor: St. Petersburg, 1999). 1. The Path to Church Revolution 1. Gregory L. Freeze, “Rechristianization of Russia: The Church and Popular Religion, 1750–1850,” Studia Slavica Finlandensia 7 (1990): 101–136. 2. Gregory L. Freeze, “Counter-reformation in Russian Orthodoxy: Popular Response to Religious Innovation, 1922–1925,” Slavic Review 54, no. 2 (Summer 1995): 305–306. 3. Gregory L. Freeze, “Handmaiden of the State? The Church in Imperial Russia Reconsidered ,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 36 (January 1985): 84–90. 4. See Freeze, “Handmaiden,” J. H. M. Geekie, “Church and Politics in Russia, 1905–1917: A Study of the Political Behaviour of the Russian Orthodox Clergy in the Reign of Nicholas II” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of East Anglia, 1978), and Simon Dixon, “The Church’s Social Role in St. Petersburg, 1880–1914,” in Church, Nation and State in Russia and Ukraine, edited by Geoffrey A. Hosking (London: Macmillan, in association with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1991), 167–192. 5. See B. V. Titlinov, Pravitel’stvo imperatritsy Anny Ioannovny v ego otnosheniiakh k delam pravoslavnoi tserkvi (Vilna: Tip Russkii pochin, 1905), and P. N. Miliukov, Ocherki po istorii russkoi kul’tury, 4 vols. (St. Petersburg: Tip. I. N. Skorokhodova, 1904–1909). 6. The concept of sovereignty and its role in organizational theory is found in Anthony Downs, Inside Bureaucracy (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967), 44–46, and Peter B. Clark and James Q. Wilson, “Incentive Systems: A Theory of Organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly 6 (September 1961): 158. 7. B. V. Titlinov, Tserkov’ vo vremia revoliutsii (Petrograd: Byloe, 1923), 3–7. 8. The state of the church at the end of the nineteenth century is summarized in Gregory Freeze, The Parish Clergy in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 450–466. See also John S. Curtiss, Church and State in Russia: The Last Years of the Empire, 1900–1917 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1940), chaps. 5–6. 9. Quoted in F. Aurelio Palmieri, “The Russian Church and the Revolution,” Catholic World 106 (February 1918): 661. 10. Freeze, “Handmaiden,” 95–97. 11. Freeze, Parish Clergy, 458, 467. 12. Metropolitan Evlogii (Georgievskii), Put’ moei zhizni (Paris: YMCA, 1947), 161–170; Freeze, “Handmaiden,” 100. For analyses of the episcopal agenda, see John Meyendorff, “Russian Bishops and Church Reform in 1905,” in Russian Orthodoxy under the Old Regime, edited by...