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Notes Abbreviations APL American Protective League BI Bureau of Investigation CO commanding of¤cer DJ Department of Justice DMI director of military intelligence HL Houghton Library, Harvard University IO intelligence of¤cer JWJC James Weldon Johnson Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University LC Library of Congress MIB Military Intelligence Branch MID Military Intelligence Division (formerly the MIB) M-SRC Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Howard University NA National Archives, Washington, D.C. NRC National Records Center, Suitland, Md. NYPL New York Public Library ONI Of¤ce of Naval Intelligence RG Record Group ROC Records of the Of¤ce of the Counselor UML University of Massachusetts Library, Amherst WRHS Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland Introduction 1. Bruce Kellner, ed., The Harlem Renaissance: A Historical Dictionary for the Era (London: Methuen, 1987), xvi. 2. Howard W. Odum, Race and Rumors of Race: Challenge to American Crisis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1943), 180–81. See also George Brown Tindall, The Emergence of the New South, 1913–1945 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 143–83, 565. 3. Richard B. Sherman, The Republican Party and Black America from McKinley to Hoover, 1896–1933 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1973), passim. 4. William A. Link, The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880–1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), 69. See also ibid., 63–78, 248–67; Ralph E. Luker, The Social Gospel in Black and White: American Racial Reform, 1885– 1912 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), passim; Nancy J. Weiss, The National Urban League, 1910–1940 (New York: Oxford University Press, 233 1974), passim; Morton Sosna, In Search of the Silent South: Southern Liberals and the Race Issue (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), passim; Ronald C. White, Jr., Liberty and Justice for All (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1990), passim. 5. See, for example, W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk: Essays and Sketches (Chicago: McClung, 1903); Du Bois, “Credo,” Independent 57 (Oct. 6, 1904), 787; Kelly Miller, Race Adjustment: Essays on the Negro in America (New York: Neale Publishing , 1908); Ray Stannard Baker, Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1908); Mary White Ovington, Half a Man: The Status of the Negro in New York (New York: Longmans, Green, 1911); Edgar Gardner Murphy, Problems of the Present South: A Discussion of the Educational, Industrial, and Political Issues of the Southern States (New York: Macmillan , 1904); Harlan Paul Douglass, Christian Reconstruction in the South (Boston: Pilgrim Press, 1909); W. D. Weatherford, Negro Life in the South: Present Conditions and Needs (New York: Young Men’s Christian Association Press, 1910); Weatherford, Present Forces in Negro Progress (New York: Association Press, 1912). 6. See Thomas Dixon, The Leopard’s Spots: A Romance of the White Man’s Burden, 1865–1900 (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1902); Dixon, The Clansman: An Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1905). See also Luker, Social Gospel in Black and White, 293, 295–300. Steven Biel has noted that, with a few exceptions, white American intellectuals and critics made no effort to engage with their African-American counterparts in this period. Biel, Independent Intellectuals in the United States, 1910–1945 (New York: New York University Press, 1992), 8–9. 7. Robert R. Moton, “The South and the Lynching Evil,” South Atlantic Quarterly 18 ( July 1919), 191–96; Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1960), 218; Herbert Shapiro, White Violence and Black Response: From Reconstruction to Montgomery (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988), 93–157; George C. Wright, Racial Violence in Kentucky , 1865–1940: Lynchings, Mob Rule, and “Legal Lynchings” (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990), 185–213; Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 155–58; Leon F. Litwack, Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), 280–319. See also Stewart E. Tolnay and E. M. Beck, A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995). On the mechanics, scope, costs, defense, impact, and evolving economy of segregation, see the essays in The Age of Segregation: Race Relations in the South, 1890–1945, ed. Robert Haws ( Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1978). 8. Charles Flint Kellogg, NAACP: A History of the National...

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