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Notes Introduction . Edward Mason and Robert Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods (Washington , D.C.: Brookings Institution, ); and Devesh Kapur, John P. Lewis, and Richard Webb, The World Bank: Its First Half Century, vol. : History (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, ), and vol. : Perspectives, especially Nicholas Stern with Francisco Ferreira, pp. ‒. . See, for example, Margaret G. de Vries, The International Monetary Fund, ‒: The Twenty Years of International Monetary Cooperation (Washington, D.C.: IMF, ); The International Monetary Fund, ‒: The System under Stress (Washington, D.C.: IMF, ); and The International Monetary Fund, ‒: Cooperation on Trial (Washington , D.C.: IMF, ). See also Norman K. Humphreys, ed., Historical Dictionary of the IMF (Washington, D.C.: IMF, ). . Ngaire Woods,“Economic Ideas and International Relations: Beyond Rational Neglect,” International Studies Quarterly (): . . See, for example, Benjamin Rivlin and Leon Gordenker, eds., The Challenging Role of the UN Secretary-General: Making “The Most Impossible Job in the World” Possible (Westport , Conn.: Praeger, ). . Kofi Annan,“We the Peoples”: The United Nations in the Twenty-first Century (New York: UN, ). . For a longer treatment of this literature and the project’s approach, see Thomas G. Weiss and Tatiana Carayannis,“The UN, Its Economic and Social Ideas, and Their Agents: Toward an Analytical Framework,” Global Social Policy , no. (April ): ‒. . Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, ). . Kathryn Sikkink, Ideas and Institutions: Developmentalism in Argentina and Brazil (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, ). . Peter M. Haas,“Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination,” International Organization , no. (Winter ): ‒; and Peter M. Haas, Robert O. Keohane, and Marc A. Levy, eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, ). . Peter A. Hall, ed., The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism across Nations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, ). 215 Emmer 10 (215-238) FINAL 3/5/01 2:40 PM Page 215 . Ernst B. Haas, When Knowledge Is Power: Three Models of Change in International Organizations (Los Angeles: University of California Press, ); and see Peter M. Haas and Ernst B. Haas,“Learning to Learn: Improving International Governance,” Global Governance , no. (September‒December ): ‒. . Kathryn Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, ). . Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ). . John G. Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity (New York: Routledge, ). . See, for example, Robert W. Cox, ed., The New Realism: Perspectives on Multilateralism and World Order (New York: St. Martin’s, ); Robert W. Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair , Approaches to World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ); and Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey N. Smith, eds. and trans., Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci (London: Lawrence and Wishart, ). . Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, d ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ). . Quentin E. Skinner,“Meaning and Understanding in the History of Ideas,” History and Theory (): . . Woods,“Economic Ideas and International Relations,” . . Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard, eds., International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley: University of California Press, ), . . See Ramesh Thakur, ed., What Is Equitable Geographic Representation in the Twenty-first Century (Tokyo: UN University, ). . Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being (New York: Torchbook, ). . See Morten Bøås and Desmond McNeill, eds., The Role of Ideas in Multilateral Institutions , forthcoming. . Morten Bøås,“Ideas in the Multilateral System: Master or Servant? Thinking about Studying the Role of Ideas in the Multilateral System,” Paper for the Forty-first Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, March , . . See Albert Yee,“The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies,” International Organization (): ‒. . John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (London: Macmillan, ), . . Quoted by Joseph Kahn,“Multinationals Sign U.N. Pact on Rights and Environment ,” New York Times, July , A. . Ideas are both normative and causal. We conceive of normative ideas as broad, general beliefs about what the world should look like, collapsing the usual categories in the literature of “worldviews” and “principled ideas.” Principled ideas refer, for example, to a more equitable allocation of world income as a normative idea. Causal ideas are more operational beliefs about what strategy will have a desired result or what tactics will achieve a particular strategy. For example, at the UN, causal ideas often take the operational form of such targets as the . percent of GNP to be contributed as overseas development assistance (ODA). Ideas are more than slogans, but they usually are less than 216 Notes to pages 7–11 Emmer 10 (215...