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315 Index Adams, Laura, 31, 40, 169n6 administration, 7, 46, 144, 225, 227, 229, 238; city, 104, 208; district, 119n5, 199, 208, 263; governors, 112, 116, 121, 199, 204, 207–208, 216, 278; local state, 36, 101–102, 115; mayors , 29, 37, 69–71, 105–106, 108–116, 118, 120–121, 166; presidential, 29, 36, 47–48, 65, 276, 279n27; provincial, 121, 263 Adolat movement, 244 agency, 78, 152, 164–166, 272, 289, 296, 306; magical, 275; personal, 160, 292 aitys: aitys poetry, 14, 55–73, 74n2; aitys tradition , 53, 55, 59–60, 62–63, 68, 73 aiyl kengesh, 121n27. See also councils: village aiyl ökmötü, 102, 110, 111, 116, 120n19. See also municipality Ak Zhol Party. See parties, political Akaev, Askar, 4, 8, 14, 34, 81, 101–104, 114, 118–119, 205, 265; Akaev regime, 39, 90 Akh Orda, 63–66. See also Islam: panIslamic movement akim. See administration: mayors Akmolinsk. See Astana Akromia, 263–265, 268, 276, 278n7 aksakals, 37, 56, 74n12, 87, 100–119; aksakal courts, see courts: of elders; aksakal judges, 102, 104, 117–118. See also elders Alexander, Catherine, 158 Allison, Roy, 34–35 Almaty, 61, 71, 72, 129, 138, 141, 146, 149, 288, 300 Andijan massacre, 21, 223–224, 226, 229, 231– 232, 240n1, 241n6, 246, 252, 254, 257n6, 262–276, 278n7, 279n11 Antze, Paul, 286, 289–290 Aqmola. See Astana Aral, 99, 120n12 architecture, 16–17, 127–129, 131, 133–138, 143, 144n3, 145, 162–164, 180–182; architectural eclecticism, 138, 162; linear city model, 134 Aretxaga, Begona, 80, 154 Ashgabat, 168n3 Astana, 15, 17, 58, 128–145, 149–152, 153, 156– 168, 169n10, 305; Akimat of, 129–130; Astana Day, 149, 150, 164; AstanaGenPlan, 17, 128, 130, 145n1; Master Plan, 16–17, 127– 145 (see also architecture) authoritarianism, 5, 14, 90, 175, 187, 189, 191n3, 228, 244, 256, 287; regime, 2, 4, 19, 30–31, 55, 56, 60, 203, 257n2, 261; state, 36, 40, 73, 189, 244. See also politics authority, 8–9, 18, 23, 40, 61, 192n5, 216, 227– 228; of aksakal courts, 100, 110; dialogic, 56, 72–73; figures, 13, 37, 41, 97n8, 142, 189; ‘khan-like,’ 63; legitimate, 6, 59, 207; moral, 95, 227–228, 232, 274; performing, 74n12; political, 36, 69, 206, 225, 228, 239– 240; presidential, 41, 270; sovereign, 42; of the state, 31, 36–37, 39, 42, 95–96, 100, 206, 211, 214, 216; of state judges, 118 Baiaman Bridge, 199–200, 201, 212–214. See also borders Baiterek, 163, 164. See also Astana Bakiev, Kurmanbek, 4, 82, 96n4, 104, 119n10, 209, 217n4, 276 Balmukhanov, Saim, 298, 307n4 Batirov, Kadirjan, 276 Beck, Ulrich, 128. See also globalization Berdymukhamedov, Gurbanguly, 3 Beyer, Judith, 14, 56, 79 Bichsel, Christine, 206 big man, 21, 78, 93, 216. See also patronage 316 Index Bishkek, 8, 82, 88, 90, 99–102, 104, 107, 116, 119n5, 121n23, 200, 205, 207, 217n6, 233, 265, 279n12 borders, 5, 18, 21, 32, 40, 173, 175–176, 188, 198–203, 209, 215–216, 251, 269, 271, 273– 274, 280n19; border guards, 41–42, 199, 203, 209, 211–212, 214, 216; border management , 41, 49–50, 207; cross-border markets, 5, 212 Bourdieu, Pierre, 39, 128–129, 139, 211 Brubaker, Rogers, 210–211 Butler, Judith, 157, 161 Charbak, 198–199, 202, 204, 206–209, 211–212 Chikanaev, Amanzhol, 135, 138, 143 China, 2, 17–18, 173, 174–178, 180, 184, 247, 279n10, 300; Chinese government, see government: Chinese; Chinese Muslims, 184; Han Chinese, 18, 173–174, 175–176, 178–182, 188, 190–191. See also Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Chui province, 82, 90 citizenship, 20, 100, 158, 211, 225, 243, 269, 275, 303; identity cards, 110; modern citizenry , 255; passport, 85, 214, 247, 303 clans, 6–8, 33, 49, 81, 103, 275–276, 296–297; clan leaders, 6. See also politics: clan clientelism, 7, 80. See also politics: patronage collective farm, 6, 88, 99, 112, 293 collectivism, 159; collectivist individual, 159, 168 collectivization, 22, 286, 297; de-collectivization , 173 Collins, Kathleen, 6–7 Comaroff, John and Jean, 79–80, 95 Communist Party. See parties, political compensation of Kazakhs, 302–304. See also nuclear testing conflict: of Fergana Valley, 201, 207, 209, 214, 245; interethnic, 18, 173, 200–201, 209; trans-border, 200, 203 constitution, 31, 100, 103, 119n2, 121n21, 226, 239 contingency, 11, 23, 164; contingent events, 210; political, 202, 215; radical, 216. See also under state corruption, 17, 21, 30, 43, 79, 81, 92–95, 238, 244, 263, 275–276; anti-corruption campaigns , 92–93...

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