Politics in Color and Concrete: Socialist Materialities and the Middle Class in Hungary

Index

advertising, 1, 7, 25, 95, 116–17, 136, 171, 185; capitalist, 231, 249n3; houses in, 190, 214; of “natural” materials, 160, 212–13; postsocialist, 30, 171, 225, 236, 237; reactions to, 26; socialist, 12, 84, 85, 88–89, 90, 97–98, 111, 118, 120, 121, 160 aesthetic regimes, 3, 5, 8, 112, 140. See also organicist Modern; socialist generic; socialist Modern; socialist realism; super-natural organicism agricultural labor, 11, 22; proletarianization of, 5, 54, 60, 76–77, 93, 250n18. See also agriculture ; peasantry; second economy: and agricultural workers agriculture, 53, 64, 70; in advertising, 191; collectivization of, 55, 70, 80; industrialization of, 61, 71. See also agricultural labor antiques, 87, 97–99, 146, 163; and bourgeois intellectuals , 94, 151–52, 155; disdain for, 97, 185; and status, 183–84, 202, 205 apartments. See housing: apartments; panel concrete housing; privatization: of apartments appliances, 30, 78–79, 241; kitchen, 87, 114. See also individual names of appliances architects, 12, 16, 22, 82, 102, 146–47; magazines for, 160; organicist, 155, 161; as social reformers , 13, 54, 62, 66, 81; and the “tulip debate ,” 149. See also architecture; weiner, tibor architecture: modernist, 12, 54, 118–19, 255n8; politicization of, 25, 39, 147; postsocialist, 33, 152, 162; socialist, 16–17, 62, 83, 118–19. See also architects; organicist school of architecture; panel concrete housing Art nouveau, hungarian (Szecesszió), 146–47, 255n9 asthma, 144, 209 austerity measures, 157, 166 automobiles. See cars bamboo, 145, 160 base/superstructure, 10–12, 59, 62, 130 bathrooms, 212, 235–38; in apartments, 31, 84, 132; as modern luxuries, 50, 89, 112, 216; renovating , 202, 215; sharing of, 46, 200; size of, 132; and status, 49, 69, 101, 176, 218 Bauman, Zygmunt, 16, 54, 123, 243 bedrooms: and children, 104, 105–106, 199; number of, 107, 204, 216; and privacy, 159; sharing of, 103, 131 birth rate, 146, 245n3 Bourdieu, Pierre, 5, 13, 24, 43, 251n8 bourgeoisie: embourgeoisement, 95, 152, 184, 222; and the family house, 190, 200, 209, 213; furnishings , 97–98, 129, 257n21; vs. new middle class, 188, 197; as “normal,” 42, 233; and socialist realism, 3, 64–65, 82–83, 88; suppressed development of, 2, 44–45; veneration of, 92, 151– 52, 182–83; vilification of, 4, 13, 56–58, 81, 86, 87, 91. See also cultural producers; middle class; polgár brands: brand-name/western goods, 35, 37, 48, 136–37; second economy, 241; socialist, 123– 24, 125–30, 253n5, 253n10; state as socialist generic brand, 16, 11–12, 118, 138 breathing, 142, 201; of brick, concrete, and wood, 134, 255n6; and open spaces, 41, 88, 158–59, 211– 12; and textiles, 96 built environments, 1, 12–13, 77, 112, 138, 161; agentive powers of, 52; distinguished from material worlds, 246n8; and social problems, 134; and system change, 29, 50. See also materialities cameras, 111, 126 cars, 7, 38; luxury, 19, 50; Mercedes, 7, 175, 207; and status, 93, 173, 175, 194, 215, 218; trabant, 7, 194, 226–27. See also transportation catholic, 48, 227–28; churches and cathedrals, 33, 35, 81, 155, 189 cell phones, 37, 179; as status symbols, 48, 174. See also telephones central planning, 12, 55, 56, 111, 132, 145; and goulash communism, 4, 44; and second economy, 15. See also socialist cities; unitary state ceramic tiles: do-it-yourself remodeling, 202, index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. 281 282 | Index 204, 220, 236; and socialist realism, 3, 69; and system change, 30, 156; and organicist Modern , 160. See also roofing tiles children: child care, 68, 69, 76, 99, 100, 114, 166; and class, 58, 62, 94, 101, 197; and deference, 184; and the family house, 192, 200, 211, 230; health, 144, 209–10; norms for, 45, 46; raising of, 130, 224–25, 228, 240, 242; room for, 75, 77, 103, 104, 105–106, 131, 159, 199; sacrificing for, 233 christian, 29, 57, 144, 168, 228 ciAM (international congress of Modern Architecture ), 54 citizen consumers/consumer citizens, 4–5, 10, 16, 79, 88, 91, 93, 116 citizenship, 2, 10, 22, 112, 158, 183, 221 civil society, 17, 57, 151 class: classless society, 81, 88–89, 93; consciousness , 95–96; hierarchies, 93, 252n12; and materiality , 7; mobility, 93–94; politicization and censuring of, 57–58, 59, 99, 151, 215; privilege, 225; revival of, xi, 150–52, 155, 172–73, 176, 182– 83; underclass, 22, 167. See also bourgeoisie; middle class; peasantry; polgár; professionals; proletariat; upper classes; “X” class cleaning, 46–48, 83, 87, 105, 141–42; the “clean room,” 99...