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notes Preface 1. he later published a semiautobiographical account of his prison years, documenting systematic abuse and torture of political prisoners and providing information about the trials and executions of hundreds of people at the hands of the stalinist state—information until then unavailable (fehérváry 1978). see fehérváry 1989 for english version. 2. A conflict thus arose between returned émigrés and residents over who could claim authentic “hungarian” status. voices in the émigré community insinuated that forty years of state socialism had warped the national character of those who had stayed behind, while residents denied hungarian status to those who had abandoned the country and had not experienced state socialism (huseby-Darvas 2003). introduction 1. Bíró 1990; iordanova 2003; Milosz 1990. 2. Anders Aman relates similar encounters during research for his book (1992). The city’s engineers, architects, and even the chief city planner avoided living in it. even the city’s greatest local patriot in the 1970s asked to be buried—not in Dunaújváros—but in the village of his ancestors (Miskolczi 1980). 3. hungary’s population in 1995 hovered around the ten million mark, although the birthrate had dropped below the percentage necessary to maintain the population. 4. i refer to the ideological aims of the communist Party as “communist,” but to the political and economic states of the soviet bloc as “socialist” and so follow the terminology used by these regimes. Theoretically, when socialist states reached the stage of communism, the state would “wither away.” 5. i use the term “materiality” to include the role of the material in meaning, but at the same time to move beyond “material culture,” or the realm of culturally recognized objects (objects recognized by subjects). The term “materiality” can include the potential qualities of what we can recognize as material properties (see discussion below on Peircean qualisigns), but also material processes and effects (of affecting and being affected). for the purposes of this book, a crucial aspect of the term “materiality” is the role of the material in producing affective responses in human beings that may or may not become part of conscious awareness. in so doing , i am exploring the place of the material in the affective life of people and of a nation. (My thanks to Jason Pine for this phrasing.) see in particular Miller 1987, 2005; tilley 2007; ingold 2007; latour 1999; Peirce 1955; Munn 1986; Keane 1997, 2003; hull 2012; gell 1998; hall 1969; Brown 2001; Massumi 2002; norman 2004; verbeek 2005. 6. see weiss (2012) and Manning and Meneley (2008) on relating particular materialized aesthetics or totalities to cosmologies. 245 246 | Notes to Pages 3–13 7. for a synthesized analysis of four of these five periods, see fehérváry 2012. socialist realism was the official term for the state-sanctioned art and architecture of the stalinist period . i use the term socialist Modern to index a material aesthetic, one similar to what susan reid calls Khrushchev Modern for the soviet union (reid 2006); i do not use it to mean a socialist version of modernity, as do Pence and Betts for east germany (Pence and Betts 2008). socialist generic, organicist Modern, and super-natural organicism are my terms, though organicist Modern is drawn from a combination of socialist Modern and the hungarian organicist school of architecture. 8. i use the terms “material worlds” (instead of “space” or “built environment”) to emphasize the experienced materiality of the home as an inhabited place complete with furnishings and decor, degree of cleanliness and upkeep, smells and sounds, pets and plants, the felt presence of other inhabitants (even in their absence), and awareness of an external context. Material worlds are conceptually bounded places. see nancy Munn’s use of “lived space” and “space-time” (e.g. 1971; Munn 1986, 1994, 2004); or henri lefebvre’s division of socially produced space into dialectically interrelated “spatial practice” (space produced by a particular society ), “representations of space” (space as conceptualized), and “representational space” (lived space) (1991:38–39). see also Brad weiss on “lived worlds” as the “oriented space and time that emerges through the process of inhabiting a world. . . . sociocultural activity is continuously making and unmaking dimensions of this lived world” (1996:7). 9. castillo 1992; castillo 2000; Dowling 1999; french and hamilton 1979; Kotkin 1995; Miliutin 1974; Miskolczi 1980. 10. Kristen ross (1996) makes a slightly different argument for the role of modernist materials and modernization programs in postcolonial france. 11...

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