Almost Worthy: The Poor, Paupers, and the Science of Charity in America, 1877-1917

Notes

noTes 1. Introduction 1. “The County Asylum,” Indianapolis Journal, 9 June 1881. 2. “Grinding Away,” Indianapolis News, 8 July 1881. 3. “Dr. Culbertson,” Indianapolis Journal, 9 July 1881. 4. “The Investigation,” Indianapolis Sentinel, 14 June 1881. 5. “The Poor Farm,” Indianapolis Sentinel, 13 July 1881; “Grinding Away,” Indianapolis News, 8 July 1881; “The Poor Farm Inquiry,” Indianapolis News, 6 July 1881. 6. David Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971), 188. 7. Alice Shaffer, Mary Wysor Keefer, and Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, The Indiana Poor Law: Its Development and Administration with Special Reference to the Provision of State Care for the Sick Poor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1936), 34. 8. “Grinding Away,” Indianapolis Sentinel, 15 June 1881; “The Investigation,” Indianapolis Journal, 15 June 1881. 9. “The Poor Farm,” Indianapolis Sentinel, 13 July 1881. 10. “Poor Farm,” Indianapolis Sentinel, 9 July 1881. 11. “Dr. Culbertson,” Indianapolis Journal, 9 July 1881. 12. “Big Moll,” Indianapolis News, 9 July 1881. 13. “The Poor Farm,” Indianapolis Sentinel, 13 July 1881; “The Case Closed,” Indianapolis News, 13 July 1881. 14. “The Poor Farm Inquiry” Indianapolis News, 6 July 1881; “Poor Farm,” Indianapolis News, 7 July 1881; “Poor Farm,” Indianapolis Sentinel, 9 and 13 July 1881; “The Investigation ” Indianapolis Sentinel, 14 June 1881; “The Poor Farm,” Indianapolis Journal, 6 July 1881; “The Other Side,” Indianapolis Journal, 25 June 1881. 15. Richard Dugdale, The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease, and Heredity, 3rd ed. (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1877). 16. “The Poor Farm,” Indianapolis News, 12 July 1881. 17. “A Decision,” Indianapolis Sentinel, 14 July 1881. The article Mr. Norton quoted from is Octave Thanet [Alice French], “The Indoor Pauper: A Study,” Atlantic Monthly 47 (June 1881): 749–61. See also Karen Tracey, “Stories of the Poorhouse,” in Our Sisters’ Keepers: Nineteenth-Century Benevolence Literature by American Women, ed. Jill Bergman and Debra Bernardi (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2005), 23–48. 217 218 Notes to Pages 7–11 18. “A Decision”; “The Case Closed,” Indianapolis News, 13 July 1881. 19. See, e.g., Blanche D. Coll, “The Baltimore Society for the Prevention of Pauperism , 1820–1822,” American Historical Review 61, no. 1 (October 1955): 77–87; Carroll Smith Rosenberg, Religion and the Rise of the American City: The New York City Mission Movement, 1812–1870 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1971); Suzanne Lebsock, The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784–1860 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), 195–236; Kenneth L. Kusmer, “The Origins of Homelessness in Early America,” in Down & Out, on the Road: The Homeless in American History (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2002), 13–34; Paul Boyer, Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820–1920 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978); James Leiby, A History of Social Welfare and Social Work in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978). 20. David Ward, Poverty, Ethnicity, and the American City, 1840–1925: Conceptions of the Slum and the Ghetto (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 27; John Webb Pratt, Religion, Politics, and Diversity: The Church-State Theme in New York History (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967), 206–207; Dorothy M. Brown and Elizabeth McKeown, The Poor Belong to Us: Catholic Charities and American Welfare (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 15–17. 21. Robert H. Bremner, The Public Good: Philanthropy and Welfare in the Civil War Era (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980), 144. 22. Kusmer, Down & Out, 7–8; Paul T. Ringenbach, Tramps and Reformers, 1873–1916: The Discovery of Unemployment in New York (London: Greenwood Press, 1973), 4. 23. Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877–1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1967), 12, 44. 24. Ward, Poverty, Ethnicity, and the American City, 43. 25. Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976), 7; Heather Cox Richardson, West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America after the Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 2–3; Jackson Lears, Rebirth of a Nation: The Making of Modern America, 1877–1920 (New York: HarperCollins, 2009). 26. The idea of applying rational, scientific organizational techniques to charity went by a variety of names, of which scientific charity was most common. Other names included charity organization, the associated charities movement, and scientific philanthropy . The last term, however, generally refers to the rational management of large trusts by a few paid experts, like that of the Laura...