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notes to pages 000–000 145 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Introduction 1. See Christopher Robert Reed, The Rise of Chicago’s Black Metropolis, 1920–1929 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2011). 2. See Claude A. Barnett in “We Win a Place in Industry,” 82–86; and E. Franklin Frazier in “Chicago: A Cross-Section of Negro Life,” 72, both in the March, 1929 issue of Opportunity. The image projected in some scholarship that the decade had never been as prosperous for workers as later generations have popularly believed is critically explored in Gareth Canaan’s article, “’Part of the Loaf’: Economic Conditions of Chicago’s African-American Working Class during the 1920s,” Journal of Social History 35 (Fall 2001): 147–174. 3. Carroll Binder, Chicago and the New Negro (special booklet publication, Chicago : Chicago Daily News, 1927), 13; and Madrue Chavers-Wright, The Guarantee: P. W. Chavers—Banker, Entrepreneur, Philanthropist in Chicago’s Black Belt of the Twenties (New York: Wright-Amstead Associates, 1985), 328. 4. Chicago Defender, March 5, 1927, 1: 11. The Chicago Defender issue of July 27, 1928, 2: 11 refers to troubling economic signs in 1926. See also Jane Addams to Mrs. [Emmons] Blaine, January 20, 1928, Anita McCormick Blaine Papers as part of the Cyrus McCormick Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison (hereafter referred to as the McCormick Papers). 5. Frederick H. H. Robb, The Negro in Chicago (Chicago: Washington Intercollegian Club, 1927), vol. 1, p. 11. 6. Chicago Defender, January 1, 1927, 1: 11. 7. Oliver Cromwell Cox, “The Origins of Direct-Action Protest among Negroes” (unpublished manuscript microfiche version, c. 1932–1933, revised c. 1960, Kent State University Libraries). 8. “Binga Bank Is Ordered Closed for State Audit,” Chicago Tribune, August 6, 1930. 9. Horace R. Cayton, Long Old Road: An Autobiography (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1963), 176. 10. Christopher Robert Reed, “Black Chicago’s Political Realignment during the Depression and New Deal,” Illinois Historical Journal 78 (Winter 1985): 242–256. 11. Press release, August 24, 1933, Branch Files, NAACP Papers, Library of Congress , Washington, D.C. (hereafter referred to as Branch Files, NAACP Papers). notes 146 notes to pages 000–000 1. The Impact of the Depression on Home Life, Institutions, and Organizations 1. Harold D. Lasswell and Dorothy Blumenstock, World Revolutionary Propaganda : A Chicago Study (Chicago: Alfred A. Knopf, 1939), 23–24. 2. Chicago Defender, July 12, 1930, 5. 3. “Reds Riot: 3 Slain by Police,” Chicago Tribune, August 4, 1931, 1, 2; and “Reds Here Foment Rent Plot,” August 6, 1931, 1; see also the editorial “The Red Invasion” of August 6, 1931, 12. 4. See St. Clair Drake and Horace R. Cayton, Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1945), 12–13. 5. Ibid., 218f. 6. Charles S. Johnson, “Backgrounds of Chicago’s Negroes,” typewritten manuscript , 1939, in the Charles S. Johnson Papers, Fisk University Library, Nashville, Tenn. 7. Chicago Defender, March 5, 1927, 1: 11. The Chicago Defender issue of July 27, 1928, 2: 11 refers to troubling economic signs in 1926. See also Jane Addams to Mrs. Blaine, January 20, 1928, the McCormick Papers. 8. Harold F. Gosnell, Negro Politicians: The Rise of Negro Politics in Chicago (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1935), 321. 9. “Eighteenth Annual Report of the Chicago Urban League, 1931–1932,” 8; and “Chicago Urban League, Annual Reports: 1929–1947,” Chicago Urban League Papers, Regenstein Library, University of Illinois at Chicago (hereafter referred to as the Chicago Urban League Papers). 10. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 246. For a similar scenario in Depression -era New York City, see Barbara Ransby, Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 76. 11. Thyra J. Edwards, “Chicago in the Rain,” Opportunity 10 (May, 1932): 148. 12. Ibid., 149. 13. Robert W. Bagnall to Archie L. Weaver, November 28, 1932, Branch Files, NAACP Papers. Other pertinent references to the economic plight of black Chicagoans are found in Bagnall to Daisy E. Lampkin, November 28, 1930; and Bagnall to Lampkin, November 12, 1931 (Adm. File, Spec. Corres.: Lampkin); both in NAACP Papers. 14. Interview with Ida M. Cress in Timuel Black, comp., Bridges of Memory: Chicago ’s First Wave of Black...

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