Mercury, Mining, and Empire: The Human and Ecological Cost of Colonial Silver Mining in the Andes

Notes

r ect o r unningfo ot 205 Notes t introduction 1. Archivo y Biblioteca Nacionales de Bolivia (hereafter ABNB), EC.1757.135, 1–2. 2. ABNB, EC.1757.135, 2. 3. ABNB, EC.1757.135, 2, 5, 8. 4. ABNB, EC.1757.135, 3. 5. ABNB, EC.1757.135, 4. 6. ABNB, EC.1757.135, 6. 7. ABNB, EC.1757.135, 7 . 8. ABNB, EC.1757.135, 4–5. 9. ABNB, EC.1757.135, 5, 8. 10. Reginaldo de Lizárraga, Descripción del Perú, Tucumán, Río de la Plata y Chile (Buenos Aires: Union Académique Internationale/Academia Nacional de la Historia, 1999), 186, 188;David Brading and Harry Cross, “Colonial silver mining: Mexico and Peru,” Hispanic American Historical Review 52, no. 4 (November 1972), 547–48; “Descripción de la villa y minas de Potosí. Año de 1603, ” in Relaciones geográficas de Indias, vol. 2, ed. Marcos Jiménez de Espada (Madrid: Ediciones Atlas, 1965), 375; Juan de Mendoza y Luna, Marqués de Montesclaros, “Relación del estado del gobierno de estos reinos que hace el excmo. Señor Don Juan de Mendoza y Luna, Marqués de Montesclaros, al excmo. Señor Príncipe de Esquilache su successor,” in Memorias de los virreyes que han gobernado el Perú durante el tiempo del coloniaje español, vol. 1, ed. M. A. Fuentes (Lima: Librería Central de Felipe Bailly, 1859), 37;Peter Bakewell, Miners of the Red Mountain: Indian Labor in Potosí, 15 45–1 650 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984), 8. 11.Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez, “China and the Manila galleons,” in World Silver and Monetary History in the 16th and 17t h Centuries (Brookfield, Vt.: 206 mercur y, mining, and emp ir e Variorum, 1996), 86; Earl Hamilton, American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 15 01–1 650 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1934), 46; Harry Cross, “South American bullion production and export 1550–1750,” in Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds, ed. J. F. Richards (Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 1983), 397, 404. 12. Carlos Marichal, “The Spanish-American silver peso: Export commodity and global money of the ancien regime, 1550–1800,” in From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 15 00– 2000, ed. Steven Topik, Carlos Marichal, and Zephyr Frank (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006), 29; Flynn and Giraldez, “China and the Manila galleons,” 71; G. N. Clark, “The Early Modern Period,” in ἀe European Inheritance, vol. 2, ed. Earnest Barker et al. (London: Clarendon Press, 1954), 79; Stanley Stein and Barbara Stein, Silver, Trade and War: Spain and America in the Making of Early Modern Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), viii, 27, 104–5; Arthur Attman, American Bullion in the European World Trade, 1600–1800,trans. Eva Green and Allan Green (Goteborg, Sweden: Kungl. Vetenskaps—och Vitterhets -Samhallet i Goteborg, 1986), 33,68; Hamilton, American Treasure, 72,192–211, 261,281,301–2,305.Hamilton’s work has been increasingly criticized, especially by Dennis Flynn in “A new perspective on the Spanish price revolution: The monetary approach to the balance of payments,” in World Silver and Monetary History in the 16th and 17t h Centuries (Brookfield, Vt.: Variorum, 1996), 388–406; “Fiscal crisis and the decline of Spain (Castile),” in World Silver and Monetary History in the 16th and 17t h Centuries (Brookfield, Vt.: Variorum, 1996), 139–47; and “The ‘population thesis’ view of inflation versus economics and history,” in World Silver and Monetary History in the 16th and 17t h Centuries (Brookfield, Vt.: Variorum, 1996), 361–82. See also Cross, “South American bullion production,” 418–1 9. 13. Stein and Stein, Silver, Trade and War, 8, 15, 36, 27, 52–53; Marichal, “The Spanish-American silver peso,” 37–38; Carlo M. Cipolla, Conquistadores, piratas, mercaderes: La saga de la plata española, trans. Ricardo González (Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica de Argentina, 1999), 52–53; Hamilton, American Treasure, 44; Attman, American Bullion, 7–8, 23, 3 0, 35, 39, 53, 58, 60–61. 14. Attman, American Bullion, 5–6, 9, 67, 77; Marichal, “The Spanish-American silver peso,” 27, 38, 40–41; Cipolla, Conquistadores, piratas, mercaderes, 66. 15.Marichal, “The Spanish-American silver peso,” 25–26,35,46; Attman, American Bullion, 101;Cipolla, Conquistadores, piratas, mercaderes, 57, 65, 72; Hamilton, American Treasure, 51. 16. Marichal, “The Spanish-American silver peso,” 40; Flynn...