Gary, the Most American of All American Cities

Notes

173 Introduction 1. Graham Romeyn Taylor, “Creating the Newest Steel City,” Survey 22 (April 1909); Elliott Flower, “Gary, the Magic City,” Putnam’s Magazine (March 1909): 643; Charles Pierce Burton, “Gary—A Creation,” Independent, February 16, 1911. 2. Stephen G. McShane and Gary Wilk, Steel Giants: Historic Images from the Calumet Regional Archives (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009). 3. William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 5. 4. “Gary May Act against Toll Road Unit,” Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1954; “Indiana Stops Building Toll Road in Gary,” Chicago Tribune, December 5, 1954; “Indiana Toll Body to Pay Gary $1,500,000 Damages,” Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1955. 5. James O’Gara, “Big Steel, Little Town: The Recent Steel Settlement Has Not Settled Everything,” Commonwealth, November 25, 1949. 6. Woodrow Wilson, “The Fear of Monopoly,” Annals of American History, 1912. Theodore Roosevelt would also campaign in Gary during the 1912 election, but he did not critique the city in the same way as Wilson, and he challenged Wilson’s interpretation of trusts. “The Political Campaign: A Double Misstatement of Fact,” Outlook, October 19, 1912, 326. 7. As quoted in James B. Lane, Gary’s First Hundred Years: A Centennial History of Gary, Indiana (Valparaiso, Ind.: Home Mountain Printing, 2006), 89. 8. Joel Weisman, “Every Major City Problem Seems More Acute in Gary,” Washington Post, December 2, 1974. 9. Raymond A. Mohl and Neil Betten, Steel City: Urban and Ethnic Patterns in Gary, Indiana, 1906–1950 (Teaneck: Holmes and Meier, 1986); James B. Lane, City of the Century: A History of Gary, Indiana (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978). 10. For social histories of Gary, see Ronald D. Cohen, Children of the Mill: Schooling and Society in Gary, Indiana, 1906–1960 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990); Ruth Hutchinson Crocker, Social Work and Social Order: The Settlement Movement in Two Industrial Cities, 1889–1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992); James Lewis, The Protestant Experience in Gary, Indiana, 1906–1975 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992); Andrew Hurley, Environmental Inequalities: Class, Race, and Industrial Pollution in Gary, Indiana, 1945–1980 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Notes 174 · Notes to Pages 7–9 Press, 1995). On Gary’s racial politics, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, see Alex Poinsett , Black Power: Gary Style; The Making of Mayor Richard Gordon Hatcher (Chicago: Johnson, 1970); Robert Catlin, Racial Politics and Urban Planning: Gary, Indiana, 1980– 1989 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1993); Edward Greer, Big Steel: Black Politics and Corporate Power in Gary, Indiana (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979). 11. Sam Bass Warner, The Urban Wilderness: A History of the American City (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), 105. 12. On Haussmann, see David P. Jordan, Transforming Paris: The Life and Labors of Baron Haussmann (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996); Walter Benjamin, “Paris: Capital of the Nineteenth Century,” in Metropolis: Center and Symbol of Our Times, ed. Philip Kasinitz (New York: New York University Press, 1994). 13. Natalie Zemon Davis, Fiction in the Archives: Pardon Tales and Their Tellers in Sixteenth-Century France (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1987); Hayden White, Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978). 14. Judith Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late Victorian London (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Peter Fritzsche, Reading Berlin 1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996). 15. Arlette Farge and Jacques Revel, The Vanishing Children of Paris: Rumor and Politics before the French Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991); Amy Gilman Srebnick, The Mysterious Death of Mary Rogers: Sex and Culture in NineteenthCentury New York (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Carl Smith, Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993); Timothy B. Spears, Chicago Dreaming: Midwesterners and the City, 1871–1919 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005). 16. The symbolic importance of the capital metropolis is central to Walter Benjamin ’s analysis of nineteenth-century Paris’s urban culture and the role of the flaneur. Benjamin, “Paris: Capital of the Nineteenth Century.” 17. See, for example, Mary P. Ryan, Civic Wars: Democracy and Public Life in the American City during the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Perry R. Duis, The Saloon: Public Drinking in Chicago and Boston, 1880–1920 (Urbana : University of Illinois Press, 1983); Roy Rosenzweig, Eight Hours for What We Will...