Memorials and Martyrs in Modern Lebanon

Index

bibliography 243 index 243 b Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. Abdel Baki, Sami, 66–67, 69–72, 75–76, 97, 101 Ajami, Wahib, 130–131, 135, 187 al-Amin Mosque, 11, 158, 163, 165–171, 185 al-Asad, Bashar, 157, 159, 162 al-Asad, Hafez, 24, 125, 148, 159 Alay, 44, 46 al-Bteddiny, Wahib, 84, 91, 218n26 al-Darazi, Muhammad (d. 1019), 12 al-Hourani, Youssef, 142 al-jalīl, 13. See also Galilee al-janūb, 6, 13–14, 116, 119, 129, 140, 149, 153, 175, 186–187. See also South Lebanon al-Khalil, Abdel Karim (d. 1915), 44, 47, 51 al-Khoury, Bshara, 12, 63, 69, 82, 119 allegories, 26–27, 98–102, 112, 168–170 al-Shabbi, Abu al-Qassim (d. 1934), 83–84 al-Solh, Riyad, 63, 74, 82, 97, 119 al-umma vs. al-watan, 45–46 Amal, 223n30; emergence of, 120–121; and the March 8 Movement, 162–163, 183; as militia during the Lebanese Civil War, 106, 162; as political party, 122, 162, 198; response to 1996 Qana attack, 122–124, 129, 131–133, 136–137, 141, 185, 187; ties with Syria, 120, 146, 148, 151. See also Berri, Nabih; Council of the South amnesia. See civil war amnesia Amnesty Law (1991), 106 Anderson, Benedict, 25–26, 189 anthropologist, 5–6, 14–15, 34, 126, 185 anthropology, 3, 194 Antonius, George, 45–47, 73 Aoun, Michel, 106, 162, 227n21 Arab Congress in Paris (1913), 42 Arab Nationalism, 44–48, 59, 61, 73–74, 83–84, 94–96, 102, 159, 162, 196, 212n11 Arab Revolt (1916), 44–45, 73 Arab-Israeli War (of 1948), 18, 64, 116; (of 1967), 103, 116, 160, 219n45 Arkoub region, 13, 160 art: and archaeology, 75–76; Christian, 110; Islamic, 146–147; and national identity, 8, 24–29, 54–59, 94–97, 113– 114, 152–153, 171–172, 191–196 Baghdad, 18, 80 Beaufort Castle, 11, 118, 223n18 Beirut: American University of, 43, 142–143; cemeteries in, 40, 50–52, 81, 212n2; as center of political power, 13, 38, 177; and civil war, 80–81, 97, 105– 106, 114, 153; “downtown,” 53 (see also 244 bibliography Martyrs Square); “Greater Beirut,” 13, 103, 199; Hamra district of, 39, 66, 104; as “the heart” of Lebanon, 12, 154, 164, 196–197; history and mapping of, 9–10, 11, 54; and Lebanese independence (1943), 63–64; municipality of, 52, 54, 67, 102; as “Paris of the Middle East,” 9. See also under commemorations ; martyrs memorials in Beirut Beit ed-Din, 80, 88, 93 Beqa Valley, 11, 115, 180, 207n32 Beqata, 11, 83. See also martyrs memorials in Beqata Berri, Nabih, 121, 125, 129, 133, 137, 145, 148, 150, 229n56 Berri, Randa, 137–138; as sponsor of the new Qana Memorial, 145–146 Bint Jbeil, 11, 118 bodies (representations of): male vs. female, 27, 59, 73, 112, 197; of mothers , 2, 27, 57–59, 135, 195; mutilated, 32, 110–114, 128, 135, 152–153, 184–185, 195–196; national, 26–28, 58–59, 86–88, 96–100, 99, 195; sculptures vs. photographs; 27–28; of the Unknown Soldier, 26. See also photography Bridi, Antoine, 168–170, 169, 228n28 British mandate, 12–13, 40, 191 caliphate, 48 Cana. See Qana car bombs, 161 Cedar Revolution, 162 cedar tree, 56–57, 59, 68, 74, 87, 132, 144, 149, 169 cemeteries: foreign veterans, 40; national (or public), 3, 8–9, 16, 19–20, 32, 35, 37, 52, 139, 153, 209n24; religious, 35, 49, 51–52, 92, 193, 212n2; as rhetorical spaces, 25–28; as ritual spaces, 28–29 cemetery memorials. See martyrs memorials census, 6–8, 206n14 ceremonies. See commemorations Chamoun, Camille, 12, 70, 77–82, 88–89, 97, 104, 217n7 checkpoints, 106, 118, 161, 187 children: citizens as, 27, 58; lessons of national sacrifice for, 4, 61, 137–138, 151; as martyrs, 31–32, 115, 130–131, 135, 139, 152, 177, 181, 185; as orphans, 138, 141; raising, 7, 36, 138 civil marriage, 7–8, 36 civil war. See Lebanese Civil War (1958); Lebanese Civil War (1975–1991); United States, 1861–1865 Civil War civil war amnesia, 4, 81, 107–108 cluster bombs, 182 coexistence. See narratives, of coexistence colonialism, 44, 62; anti-colonialism, 27, 31, 58–59, 78–79, 83, 94, 120; postcolonialism , 102–103. See also British mandate; French mandate commemorations: in Beirut, 55, 59–63, 68, 70–71, 104, 113, 162, 166–167; in Beqata, 92–93, 113; display of national identity through, 3, 28–29, 32, 38, 74...