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1. IntroductIon 1. There were numerous Japanese bombings of cities in 1937 and 1938, but premeditated and systemic effort, in the form of three deliberate strategic bombing campaigns , took the form of Operation 100, conducted between 3 and 4 May and 7 October 1939, and Operation 101, conducted between 18 May and 4 September 1940. There was a third effort, Operation 102, which was staged between 27 July and 31 August 1941, but with the decision to prepare for a war in the Pacific this effort was curtailed. 2. One would suggest the two British institutions that were the representative of the democratic cause were Parliament and the BBC; in terms of the former, its triumph, its finest moment, was in July 1945 with the defeat of the Churchill government. 2. WashIngton and London 1. The “second to none” proposal was made in a report by the General Board of the U.S. Navy in a report to the secretary of the navy, and was to the effect that the service “should ultimately be equal to the most powerful maintained by any other nation in the world.” Roskill, Naval Policy between the Wars, vol. 1: The Period of AngloAmerican Antagonism, p. 20. 2. The figure has been based on the costs of the Nelson (£7,504,055) and Rodney (£7,617,799) and a conversion rate of $4.60 to the pound. The cost of the Hood was£6,025,000. The tripling of price is based upon the cost of the battlecruiser Lion, which, entering service in October 1912, was the first warship to cost the British taxpayer more than £2,000,000. Parkes, British Battleships, pp. 531, 644, and 654. 3. This sum included £269,964,650 with reference to interest payments on the national debt (eleven times more than the corresponding 1913–1914 figure) but what is perhaps surprising was the provision of £58,279,235—more than one quarter of state spending and more than the spending of all state departments excluding the armed services in 1913–1914—as “miscellaneous credits” set against departmental spending, the armed forces excluded. 4. Japan was the only non-white, non-European founding and council member of the League of Nations, the deputy secretary general of which was Dr. Nitobe Inazo. notes These matters were evidence of achievement and justification for pride, an evidence of national standing and worth. “Internationalism” was extremely popular within Japan, especially within the Japanese elite and even with many army officers, in the twenties. See Nish, Japan’s Struggle with Internationalism, and Tohmatsu and Willmott , A Gathering Darkness, pp. 1–11. 5. Boyer, The Enduring Vision, vol. 2: From 1865, p. xxxi. http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1920. United States Presidential Election, 1920. Harding ’s result remains the largest winning margin (26.17%) in the history of U.S. presidential elections. http://www.uselectionatlas.org/WIKI/index.php/1920_U.S._General_Election. 1920 U. S. General Election. In the 96-member Senate, with 32 members standing, the Republicans gained ten seats to turn a 49–47 majority into 59–37 majority, and in the House, where the Republicans polled 69.4% to the Democrats’ 30.1%, the 240–192 majority was transformed into an overwhelming 302–131 majority. 6. The nine powers were the original five—Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States—plus Belgium, China, the Netherlands, and Portugal. The British delegation included single representatives of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand but not Newfoundland, South Africa, or India. 7. The total of forty capital ships does not include the Australia and New Zealand. The latter was stricken on 12 April 1921, i.e., before Washington, but not sold until 19 December 1921, and was scrapped in 1923; the former was stricken on 12 December 1921 and was scuttled off Sydney on 12 April 1924. 8. The Colossus was decommissioned and entered service as a hulk in 1923; it not scrapped until 1928. 9. Not included in this summary of the fate of British capital ships are two units included in the total of forty, the battleships Erin and Canada, which at the outbreak of war in 1914 had been under construction in British yards for Turkey and Chile respectively . The Canada, having been purchased by the British in 1914, was resold to Chile in April 1920 and entered Chilean service on 1 August of that year. The last survivor of Jutland, it was finally decommissioned in 1958 and was towed to...

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