The New Authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa

Index

Abbas, Ferhat, 45, 68 ‘Abboud, Ahmad, 55 Abd al Qadir, 218n51 ‘Abd al-Rahman, Umar, 101, 102, 104 ‘Abdou, Muhammad, 44–45 Abdullah, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, 109 Abou-Al-Enein, Mohammed, 116 Aboud, Hichem, 164, 166, 236n325 Abu-Dan, Mohammad Safi, 143 Achour, Habib, 172, 173 ACPC (Anti-Trust and Competition Protection Commission), Egypt, 203–204 actors. See political actors ‘Aflaq, Michel, 39, 41, 59, 60, 65, 218n33 agrarian oligarchy, 36 Agrarian Reform Law (1952), Egypt, 53, 118 Agrarian Reform Law, Syria, 62 Agrarian Relations Law (1958), UAR, 62 Agricultural Credit and Development Bank, Egypt, 99 Al-’Ahd Party, Algeria, 163 Ahmed, Hocine A’t, 149 Al Alfi, Ibrahim, 116 Algeria army’s political power in, 146–147 autogestion self-management movement, 71, 167 Black October (1988), 146 as bunker state, 185, 186 civil war between regime and Islamists, 145 competition legislation in, 204 constitution of 1989, 151 Council of the Nation, 148 as dominant-party regime, 206, 243n26 earthquake of 2003, 165 European population and land ownership, 42–43, 43, 218n47 French colonialism in, 42–43 government in exile, 67–68 identity politics in, 147 influence of, 16 Islamic reform movement, 44–45 military coup of 1992, 151 multiparty politics and elections. See under multiparty politics and elections nationalist movements, 42–45, 218n51 new authoritarianism, 145–169; corporatist controls under, 150; corruption in government , 164–166; deindustrialization and, 187; economic reforms, 161–163; increased presidentialism under Bouteflika, 155; landlord and crony capitalism in, 145; legitimacy of regime, 168– 169; multiple trade unions permitted, 151, 162; political institutions, 146–157; privileged groups in, 166; protests against Benjedid’s economic policies, 150–151; reemergence of military influence, 155, 235n298; as regime in transition, 184; rent Index Initial articles in titles (The, L’ ) in all language and initial Arabic name particles (e.g., al-) are ignored in alphabetization. Page numbers in italics refer to tables. 266 • Index­ seeking coalitions, 158; ruling coalitions and policies, 158, 161–168; shift toward market economy, 161; transition from socialist regime, 87, 145–146; transition to limited multiparty regime, 207; unequal distribution of social housing , 165 oil and gas reserves, 71, 216n53 privatization in. See under privatization of state assets single-party Arab socialism (see also Front de libération nationale (FLN), Algeria); agrarian reform, 69, 72; control of workers and peasants, 69–70; legitimacy of regime, 72–73; military role in, 70; nationalization of resources, 71; organized labor under, 69; political institutions, 67–70; rent-seeking coalition in, 71; ruling coalition and policies , 70–72, 222n152; social welfare programs, 72; state corporatism, 68; weakness of labor reforms, 71–72 War of National Independence, 42, 46, 67–68 ALN (Armée de libération nationale), Algeria, 46, 68 Alvarez, Michael, 190 Amin, Galal, 117 Amis du manifeste et de la liberté (AML), Algeria, 45 Ansari, Hamied, 219n89 Anti-Trust and Competition Protection Commission (ACPC), Egypt, 203–204 antitrust laws, 202, 203 Arab nationalism: Ba’th focus on, 65; Nasser as symbol of, 58; in Syria, 36 Arab socialism: Argentina democratization vs., 195–196; entrepreneurial bourgeoisie as coalition partners, 80; as social justice and equality, 132; as state capitalism, 32. See also under names of individual countries Arab Socialist Party (ASP), Syria, 39–40 Arab socialist republics: development policies of, 7; presidentialism and, 12–13; as radical Arab republics, 211n2. See also Algeria; Egypt; Syria; Tunisia Arab Socialist Union (ASU), Egypt: authority within government, 83; creation of, 217n17; parties formed from platforms of, 82, 83; reform of, 81; transition from populist to state party, 9, 49–50, 51 Argentina: democratization in, 193– 197; institutional context vs. Arab republics, 195; labor militancy, 194–195; military regime, 194–195, 241n15; neo-conservative authoritarianism in, 187; privatization in, 196–197 Armée de libération nationale (ALN), Algeria, 46, 68 al-Arsuzi, Zaqi, 39, 218n33 Al-Asad, Bashar: assumption of presidency (2000), 129; business interests supporting, 132; controlled political pluralism of, 8; crony capitalism under, 141–142; increased presidential power of, 138; political reforms, 130–131; privatization policies, 143 Al-Asad, Hafez: Bashar as son of, 8; building army as Ba’th monopoly, 60; death of, 129; innovation in political institutions under, 84–85; military coup led by, 67, 127; opening of political system under, 128; as student leader, 39 Al-Asad, Jamil, 142 Asad, Meher, 142 ASP (Arab Socialist Party), Syria, 39–40 ASU. See Arab Socialist Union (ASU), Egypt authoritarianism: bureaucratic, 187; competitive, 183–184; cult of personality and, 25; forms of, 26; institutional arrangements sustaining, 90...