Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction

Index

Index Italicized page numbers indicate illustrations. Abbas, K. A., 117–118n3 Abraham, Itty, 141, 147, 149, 168n24 Abrams, Philip, 175 accountability and transparency , government, 142–146, 162–163 actors, self-censorship by, 104 Adams, Vincanne, 222 Adams Regulations (1823), 30 Adhikari, Bipin, 216, 217 Adhikari, Sanjib, 213 advertising: children and, 125–129, 133–136; patriarchs and, 131–133; in response to growing consumerism and middle class, 123, 136–137; sex in, 129–130, 138n8; standards, 124–125; youth and, 129–131 Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI), 124–129 Agrawal, S. K., 153 Ahl-i-Hadith, 186–197 Ahmed, Asad, 2, 4 Ahmed, Ghulam Mirza, 188 Aishwarya of Nepal, 207 Allahabad High Court, 173 Alley, S. A., 83n9 All-India Radio, 22nn8,9 Althusser, Louis, 136, 137n4 American cinema: British jealousy of, 76; censorship of, 57–58; domination of film markets, 63–64, 68, 76; portrayal of colonialism by, 67–68. See also cinema American Trade Commissioner , 64–65 Amrita Bazar Patrika, 47 Anand, Vijay, 87 Anderson, Benedict, 72, 226–227 Anderson, Jack, 22n10 Anjaam, 94 Antulay, A. R., 97 Arora, Poonam, 72 Atomic Energy Act (1948– 1986), 141–142 Atomic Energy and India, 157 Atom-Man’s Most Powerful Servant, 157 audiences, film: censorship by market forces and, 102–103, 112–113; cinema power and effects on, 65–66, 70–72, 95–103, 114–115 authoritarianism and government censorship, 7–10, 143 Ayyar, Krishnaswami, 75 Azad, Chandrashekhar, 50–52 Azad Mandir, 50–52 Azmi, Shabana, 100, 111–112 Bande Mataram, 51 Bandit Queen, 1, 6, 109, 110 Bangladesh, 2 Barelwis, 189–197 Barrier, Gerald, 14, 38, 40 Bayly, C. A., 11, 67 Bengal, 13, 22n6, 32 Bengal Gazette, 13 Bentham, Jeremy, 176, 178–179 Bhabha, Homi Jehangir, 159, 168n24 Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), 142, 158 Bhakta Vidur, 58, 91 Bharathi, Subramanya, 55 Bhaskaran, Theodore, 55 Bhatt, Mukesh, 105, 106–107, 120n22 Bhatt, Vikram, 115 Bhattacharya, Kamin Kumar, 55 Bhattarai, Baburam, 2, 214–215, 216 Bhaumick, Sachin, 112 Bhutto, Benazir, 174 Bidwai, Praful, 146 Bilimoria, Ardeshir, 78 Birendra of Nepal, 206–208, 209, 218, 221, 225, 228 Birkinshaw, Patrick, 140, 166n7 Biswas, P. C., 36 blasphemy: cartoon images as, 172; laws, 173, 174–177, 184–185, 196–197 Bollywood, 16 Bombay, 1 Bombay Chronicle, 47, 64 Bombay Entertainment Duties Act, 79 Bombay Provincial Congress Committee, 47–48 Bose, Khudiram, 40 boycotts, 47–50 Brijbasi, S. S., 54 British Board of Film Censors, 69, 74 237 238 Index British colonialism. See colonialism Bromley, Constance, 69, 82n5 Brown, T. Louise, 224, 228n1 Buddha, 148 Bulchand, Karamchand, 71–72 Burghart, Richard, 206, 210, 213, 223 Burt, Richard, 7 Bush, George W., 146 Butler, Judith, 4, 147 Calcutta Art School, 54 Calcutta Gazette Extraordi­ nary, 41 Canetti, Elias, 8 cartoon images, 172 censorship: as cultural regulation , 9–10, 13, 20–21, 146–147; developmentalism and, 95–103; explicit and implicit forms of, 4; famous cases of, 1–2; following declaration of state of emergency, 1–2, 18; as generative technology of truth, 5; legality of, 5–6, 167n17; nuclear weapons and, 146–150; political, 17–19, 21; protection of children through, 104–105, 108, 136–137, 138n8; publicity about, 1, 3, 7–8; as repression, 4; silent, 5; state-sanctioned, 5; violent, 1, 5–6, 116. See also cinema censorship; government censorship Central Board of Film Certification , 57, 80, 87, 91–95, 115; members, 93–94, 106–107; on necessity of censorship, 98, 99; recent controversies involving, 115–116; vulgarity defined by, 105 Chand, Lokendra Bahadur, 229n2 Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra, 54 Chatterjee, Partha, 11–12 Cheema, Nawaz, 190, 191 Cherian, John, 141, 147 Chidambaram, R., 148 children: advertising and, 125–129, 133–136; censorship as protection of, 104–105, 108, 136–137, 138n8 Chiplunkar, Vishnu Krishna, 31, 32–34 Chitrashala Press, 31–34 “Choli ke peeche kya hai?,” 1 Chomsky, Noam, 142, 145, 167n13 Chopra, Aditya, 111 Chopra, B. R., 99, 103 Chopra, Pamela, 109, 111 Chopra,Yash, 109, 111, 120n22 Chowdhry, Prem, 67 cinema: American, 57–58, 63–68, 76, 83– 84nn13,14; close-ups, 73–75; colonial publicity through, 67–69, 76–80, 92; dislike of, 64–65, 83– 84nn13,14, 90; industry regulation, 110–115; kissing scenes in, 8–9, 74–75, 83n9; nationalism and, 68–69, 78; nuclear weapons explored in, 157–158; politics and, 57–58, 89–90, 99–100, 102–103, 115–116; power and effects on audiences, 65–66, 70–72, 95–103, 114–115; sexuality in, 22n3, 70, 80, 83n9, 87–88, 94, 102–103...