The Second Battle of the Marne

Notes

Notes Introduction Epigraph: Gary Sheffield and John Bourne, eds., Douglas Haig: War Diaries and Letters, 1914–1918 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005), p. 430. Andrew Wiest, 1. Haig: Evolution of a Commander (Dulles, Va.: Potomac Books, 2005), p. 19. Oral History of Jesse Marion Hughes, F341.5 .M57x vol. 237, University of 2. Southern Mississippi Oral History Program, McCain Library and Archives. My thanks to my colleague and friend Stephen Sloan for finding this oral history interview for me. The city of Rheims is sometimes spelled Reims, and other place names also have 3. variant spellings. Spellings in quotations remain as in the original, and may vary from the text spellings. Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Germany, 4. My War Experiences (New York: Robert McBride, 1923), p. 333. The latter rumor reached American General Hunter Liggett. He took it seriously 5. enough to recall it in his memoir, AEF: Ten Years Ago in France (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1928), p. 88. 1. Jerusalem in the Marne Valley Facsimile copy of Michelin Company, Ltd., 1. Illustrated Michelin Guides to the Battle-fields (1914–1918): The Battlefields of the Marne (1914) (Easingwold, York: G. H. Smith, 1919), p. 16. Le Six-Six à la Guerre, 1914–1918 2. (n.p.: Barrot et Gallon, 1919), entry for July 1918. Richard Foot, “Once a Gunner” (1964), Imperial War Museum, London, 3. 86/57/1, p. 91. Unfortunately for Foot and his comrades they were sent off on an errand and found their foie gras “well raided” before their return. Foot, “Once a Gunner,” p. 92. Foot was writing about the Ardre River valley. 4. Joseph J. Gleason, 5. A Soldier’s Story: A Daily Account of World War I, January, 1918 to March, 1919 by Sergeant Joseph J. Gleason, ed. Mark Gleason (Oakmont, Pa.: 192Notes to pages 11–15 Privately published, 1999), located at the University of Pittsburgh Hillman Library Special Collections section, D640.G625. Christian Bach, 6. The Fourth Division: Its Services and Achievements in the Great War (n.p., 1920), p. 97. History of the Seventy-Seventh Division, August 25th, 1917 to November 11, 1918 7. (New York: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, 1919), p. 40. “Attaques de la 48ème Division d’Infanterie les 18 et 19 Juillet 1918, Violane, 8. Villers-Helon” available at http://batmarn2.club.fr/48eme_di.htm. Accessed on June 6, 2006. James Harbord, 9. Leaves from a War Diary (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1925), p. 323. Donald Smythe, 10. Pershing: General of the Armies (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), p. 154. General Sir W. P. Braithwaite to Sir James Edmonds, 13 September 1933, Letters 11. to Brig. Gen. Sir James Edmonds, CAB 45/126, National Archives, Kew Gardens. Sir Alexander Godley to Clive Wigram, military secretary to King George V, 27 12. July 1918, in Godley Papers 1/5–29, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London (microfilm), p. 86. John Pershing, 13. My Experiences in the World War, vol. 2 (New York: Frederick Stokes, 1931), p. 159. Everard Wyrall, 14. The West Yorkshire Regiment in the War, 1914–1918, vol. 2 (London: John Lane, n.d.), p. 297. Jean-Norton Cru, 15. War Books (San Diego: San Diego State University Press, 1976), p. 4. The book was originally published as Temoins in 1931. Leonard V. Smith, Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, and Annette Becker, 16. France and the Great War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 45. Georges Blond, 17. The Marne: The Battle That Saved Paris and Changed the Course of the First World War (London: Prion, 2002), p. 16. Originally published in 1962. Michel Goya, 18. La Chair et L’Acier: L’invention de la Guerre Moderne, 1914–1918 (Paris: Tallandier, 2004), p. 160. Cru, 19. War Books, pp. 83–84. “Offensive to the Utmost.” 20. Douglas Porch, 21. The March to the Marne: The French Army 1871–1914 (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 177, reports that in 1903 the average age of French generals was 61, compared to 54 in Germany. As late as 1910 a report showed that an amazing 30 generals and 20 colonels were physically unfit for campaign. Consequently, the critical autumn maneuvers became more of an elaborate retirement ceremony than a serious field test of men, equipment, and ideas. French Chief of Staff General Joseph Joffre noted in 1913: “The spirits (of corps 22. commanders) were too often paralyzed by routine and often strategic education was left entirely to chance.” Goya, La Chair et L’Acier, p. 118...