The Brusilov Offensive

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Information on the Western Front Association can be found at: http://web.western frontassociation.com (accessed 29 December 2006). 2. The literature of the Western Front is far too extensive to list here, but includes, for instance: Alistair Horne, The Price of Glory: Verdun, 1916 (New York: Penguin, 1962); Martin Middlebrook, The First Day on the Somme: 1 July 1916 (London: Penguin, 1980); Tim Travers, How the War Was Won: Command and Technology in the British Army on the Western Front, 1917–1918 (London: Routledge, 1992); Robin Prior and Trevor Wilson, The Somme (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005); Lyn Macdonald, The Somme (London: Penguin, 1993); Ian Beckett, Ypres: The First Battle 1914 (New York: Longman, 2006); and Lyn Macdonald, They Called It Passchendale: The Story of the Third Battle of Ypres and the Men Who Fought in It (London: Atheneum, 1989). 3. Winston Churchill, The Unknown War: The Eastern Front (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1931); Norman Stone, The Eastern Front 1914–1917 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1975). Several general studies of the First World War, most notably Basil Liddell Hart’s The Real War 1914–1918 (Boston: Little and Brown, 1930) and Hans Herzfield ’s Der Erste Weltkrieg (Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch, 1968), included substantial analysis of the Eastern Front, but still focused on developments in the west. There is also a good body of work on events in the east in German, including Manfreid Rauchensteiner’s Tod des Doppeladlers (Vienna: Styria Verlag, 1993) and much of Rudolf Jerabek’s work, that has simply not been translated. 4. Dennis Showalter, Tannenberg: Clash of Empires (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1991). 5. Österreichisches Bundesministerium für Landesverteidigung, Österreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg 1914–1918, 7 vols., ed. Edmund Glaise von Horstenau and Rudolf Kizling (Vienna: Verlag der Militärwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen, 1931–38); Deutsches Reichsarchiv , Der Weltkrieg 1914–1918. Die militärischen Operationen zu Lande, 14 vols. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler and Sohn, 1925–44). See also: Graydon A. Tunstall Jr. “The Habsburg Command Conspiracy: The Falsification of Historiography on the Outbreak of World War I,” in Austrian History Yearbook 271 (Houston: Rice University, 1996), 181–98. 6. Holger Herwig, The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary, 1914–1918 178notes to pages xiii–xiv (London: Arnold, 1997). Herwig’s work, of course, is not solely concerned with the Eastern Front. Stone’s survey remains the only work in English dealing solely with the Eastern Front, but Herwig adds a great deal from the German and Austro-Hungarian perspectives . 7. John Reed, The War in Eastern Europe (London: Eveleigh Nash, 1916); Stanley Washburn, The Russian Campaign, April to August 1915: Being the Second Volume of “Field Notes from the Russian Front” (London: Andrew Melrose, n.d. [1915]); Stanley Washburn, Victory in Defeat: The Agony of Warsaw and the Russian Retreat (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1916); Stanley Washburn, The Russian Advance: Being the Third Volume of “Field Notes from the Russian Front,” Embracing the Period from June 5th to September 1st, 1916 (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1917); Maurice Paléologue, An Ambassador’s Memoirs , 3 vols., trans. F. A. Holt (New York: George H. Doran, 1931). 8. Major-General Alfred W. F. Knox, With the Russian Army 1914–1917, 2 vols. (New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1971). 9. Stone, Eastern Front, 305n3. Lt. Gen. Nikolas N. Golovine, The Russian Army in the World War (Yale: New Haven, 1931). 10. Komissiya po isseledovaniyu i ispol’zovaniyu opyta mirovoi i grazhdanskoi voiny, 7 vols. (Moscow: Vysshii Voennyi Redaktsionnyi Sovet, 1920–23). 11. Andrei Medardovich Zaionchkovskii, Mirovaia voina 1914–1918 gg.: obshchii strategicheskii ocherk (Moscow: Gosudarstvenii voennoe izdatelnostovo, 1924). The 1931 version lists Jukims I. Vacietis as a coauthor; he was the head of the editorial board of the Frunze Academy (the RKKA Academy was renamed after Frunze in 1926), which reissued the work as a two-volume set. The 1938 edition, which came out as three volumes, makes no mention of Vacietis. It was published by the state military publishing entity within the People’s Commissariat for Defense of the U.S.S.R. (Gosudarstvenni voennoe izdatelstvo Narkomata oborony Soiuza SSR). The accompanying maps were also reprinted in 1938–39. 12. A. M. Zaionchkovskii and A. N. De-Lazari, Miorvaia voina 1914–1918: atlas skhem k trudu A. Zaoinchkovskovo (Moscow: Gosudarstvenii voennoe izdatelnostvo, 1924). 13. A. M. Zaionchkovskii, Podgotovka Rossii k Mirovoi voine v mezhdunarodnom otnoshenii (Leningrad: Izdatel voennoe, 1926), and A. M. Zaionchkovskii, Podgotovka Rossii...