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Preface 1. See G. Aijmer and J. Abbink, eds., Meanings of Violence: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). 2. I have capitalized “the North” and “Northern Nigeria” for the period when the Northern Region was in existence. I have done the same for “Eastern Nigeria,” “Western Nigeria,” “the East,” and “the West.” I have also capitalized “Northern Nigeria” and “Southern Nigeria” when referring to the early colonial period, when they were two separate entities. 3. See Elizabeth Isichei, “Colonialism Revisited,” in Studies in the History of the Plateau State, Nigeria, ed. Elizabeth Isichei, 206–223 (London: Macmillan, 1972). 4. See Terence O. Ranger, “Connections between Primary Resistance Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa,” Journal of African History 9, no. 3 (1968): 437–453. 5. See Allen Isaacman in collaboration with Barbara Isaacman, The Tradition of Resistance in Mozambique: The Zambezi Valley, 1850–1921 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976); and Allen Isaacman and Barbara Isaacman, Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution, 1950–1982 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1983). 6. See C.-A. Julien, ed., Les Africains, 8 vols. (Paris: Jeune Afrique, 1977), which links the military feats of nineteenth-century resistance heroes with colonial nationalism. 7. See J. F. Ade Ajayi, “Nineteenth Century Origins of Nigerian Nationalism,” Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria 2, no. 1 (December 1961): 196–210; and Ranger, “Connections between Primary Resistance Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa,” 437–453 and 631–664. The connection between the resistance of the nineteenth century and the resistance of the twentieth century is not always clear. For debates about this connection, see J. Glassman, Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856–1888 (Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1995). notes 187 8. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington (New York: Grove, 1963). 9. J. S. Coleman, Nigeria: Background to Nationalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960). 10. Obaro Ikime, Niger Delta Rivarly: Itsekiri-Urhobo Relations and the European Presence, 1884–1936 (London: Longman, 1969); A. E. AWgbo, The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule in Southeastern Nigeria, 1891–1929 (London: Longman, 1972). 11. Donald Denoon and Adam Kuper, “Nationalist Historians in Search of a Nation: The ‘New Historiography’ in Dar-es-Salaam,” African A¤airs 2 (1970): 329–349. 12. Toyin Falola, Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies (Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 1998). 13. See, in particular, Toyin Falola, The History of Nigeria (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1999). 1. Violence and Colonial Conquest The Wrst epigraph is from the submission by the Mbaise Clan Council to the Jones Commission, April 14, 1956, quoted in Isaac M. Okonjo, British Administration in Nigeria, 1900–1950: A Nigerian View (New York: Nok Publishers, 1974), 57. The second epigraph is quoted in E. J. Alagoa, “Koko: Amanyanabo of Nembe,” Tarikh 1, no. 4 (1967): 75. 1. For details of initial contacts and the interests that motivated them, see, among others, J. D. Hargreaves, Prelude to the Partition of West Africa (London: Macmillan, 1963); and B. I. Obichere, West African States and European Expansion: The Dahomey-Niger Hinterland, 1885–1898 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1971). 2. Draft of Beecroft’s Appointment, June 30, 1849, Public Record Oªce, London , UK (hereafter PRO), FO 84/775. 3. For details of the conquest of Lagos, see R. S. Smith, “The Lagos Consulate 1851–1861: An Outline,” Journal of African History 15 (1974): 393–416. 4. Commander Forbes to Commodore Bruce, November 24, 1851, PRO, CO ZHC/2016. 5. E. A. Ayandele, The Missionary Impact on Modern Nigeria 1842–1914: A Political Analysis (London: Longman, 1966), chapter 3. 6. Anderson, memorandum, June 11, 1883, PRO, FO 403/19. 7. Olayemi Akinwumi, The Colonial Contest for the Nigerian Region, 1884–1900: A History of the German Participation (Hamburg: Lit Verlag, 2004). 8. Moor to Foreign Oªce, November 30, 1885, PRO, FO 403/267. 9. Crowther to Hutchinson, June 18, 1879, Church Missionary Society Archives, University of Birmingham Library, UK (hereafter CMS), CA3/04. 10. Colonial Oªce to Foreign Oªce, June 16, 1888, and enclosure, PRO, FO 403/76. 11. A contemporary account of some of the wars can be found in Seymour Vandeleur , Campaigning on the Upper Nile and Niger (London: Methuen and Co, 1898). 188 Notes to pages xii–7 [44.200.23.133] Project MUSE (2024-03-28 15:23 GMT) 12. Moor to Foreign Oªce, November...