UN Ideas That Changed the World

Notes

index 257 Notes Introduction 1. Edward Mason and Robert Asher, The World Bank since Bretton Woods (Washington , D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1973); and Devesh Kapur, John P. Lewis, and Richard Webb, The World Bank: Its First Half Century, vol. 1, History (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1997) and vol. 2, Perspectives, especially Nicholas Stern with Francisco Ferreira, “The World Bank as ‘Intellectual Actor,’” 523–609. For the IMF, see Margaret Garritsen de Vries, The International Monetary Fund, 1945–1965: Twenty Years of International Monetary Cooperation (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 1969); Margaret Garritsen de Vries, The International Monetary Fund, 1966–1971: The System Under Stress (Washington , D.C.: IMF, 1976); Margaret Garritsen de Vries, The International Monetary Fund, 1972–1978: Cooperation on Trial (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 1985); and James M. Boughton, Silent Revolution: The International Monetary Fund, 1979–1989 (Washington, D.C.: IMF, 2001). See also Norman K. Humphreys, ed., Historical Dictionary of the IMF (Washington , D.C.: IMF, 2000). 2. UNIHP, The Complete Oral History Transcripts from UN Voices, CD-ROM (New York: UNIHP, 2007). 3. Thomas G. Weiss and Sam Daws, eds., The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). 4. Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1964); and Stefan Zweig, Tagebucher (Frankfurt: S. Fischer Verlag, 1984). 5. An important exception are some of the biographical accounts of life in the UN. See Brian Urquhart, Hammarskjöld (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1994); Brian Urquhart, Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998); Brian Urquhart, A Life in Peace and War (New York: Harper and Row, 1987); Margaret Joan Anstee, Never Learn to Type: A Woman at the United Nations (Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons, 2003); and Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Unvanquished: A U.S.-U.N. Saga (New York: Random House, 1999). The human perspective of a wider range of UN staff members is provided in Wilfred Grey, UN Jigsaw (New York: Vantage Press, 2000). 6. For more details, see the UNIHP Web site at www.unhistory.org. 7. Richard Jolly, Louis Emmerij, and Thomas G. Weiss, The Power of UN Ideas: Lessons from the First Sixty Years (New York: UNIHP, 2005), also available in Spanish. 8. Since UNIHP started, some histories have been published, including D. John 258 index Shaw, The UN World Food Programme and the Development of Food Aid (Houndmills, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001); and Craig N. Murphy, The United Nations Development Programme: A Better Way? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). Histories are also under way at such institutions as the ILO, UNESCO, and the WHO. Details of these and other related publications are found on the UNIHP Web site. Interested readers may also wish to consult the close to fifty titles in the Global Institutions Series, edited by Thomas G. Weiss and Rorden Wilkinson and published by Routledge. 1. Overview The full source for the epigraph for Part 1 is Winston Churchill, “The Soviet Danger: The Iron Curtain,” Fulton, Missouri, 5 March 1946, quoted in David Cannadine, ed., Blood Toil, Tears and Sweat: The Speeches of Winston Churchill (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 298. 1. See, for example, Charles Kindelberger, The World in Depression 1929–39, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986); and Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981). 2. “Truman’s Inaugural Address, January 20, 1949,” available at http://www.trumanlibrary .org/whistlestop/50yr_archive/inagural20jan1949.htm. 3. United Nations, National and International Measures for Full Employment (New York: United Nations, 1949); United Nations, Measures for the Economic Development of Under-Developed Countries (New York: United Nations, 1951); and United Nations, Measures for International Economic Stability (New York: United Nations, 1951). 4. Hans Singer, “The Distribution of Gains between Investing and Borrowing Countries ,” American Economic Review 40, no. 2 (1950): 473–485. A description of how Singer later updated his thinking to include technology in this key area of his work is found in D. John Shaw, Sir Hans Singer: The Life and Work of a Development Economist (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 49–71. 5. Transcript of oral history interview with Hans W. Singer, in The Complete Oral History Transcripts from UN Voices, CD-ROM (New York: UNIHP, 2007), 30. 6. League of Nations, Economic, Financial, and Transit Dept., Industrialization and Foreign Trade (New York: League of Nations), 154–167, 116–121. 7. United Nations, Post-War Price Relations in Trade between Under-Developed and Industrialized...