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ix Acknowledgments While we may lament the past neglect of William Maclure’s contributions intherecountingofthehistoryofAmericanscienceandeducation,wecan now take comfort in the superb archival work of J. Percy Moore, Arthur Bestor, Josephine M. Elliott, Gerald Lee Gutek, and John S. Doskey, who have all gone a long way in redressing the inattention. The present work, the first formal biography of William Maclure, would have been almost impossible to accomplish without their efforts. Upon reading Maclure’s uneditedwriting,itsoonbecomesapparentthathewasseriouslydeficient in the secrets of orthography, spelling, and grammar. However numerous the errors, the reader is rarely misled by them, and so the many quotations of Maclure used in the present work have been left unaltered. Some of Maclure’s quotations used here were corrected by his contemporaries. My wonder never ceases at the richness of historical records cradled in Philadelphia institutions and the helpfulness of those who guard their treasures. I wish to thank Earle E. Spamer (now at the American Philosophical Society) and Robert Peck of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Roy Goodman and Valerie Lutz of the American Philosophical Society, Nina Long and Leslie Pope of the Wistar Institute Library and Archive, the librarians at the Van Pelt Library of the University ofPennsylvania,theLibraryCompanyofPhiladelphia,andtheHistorical Society of Pennsylvania. I wish to thank Sherry Graves and Frank Smith of the Working Men’s Institute in New Harmony. Katherine N. Norton, MatthewPerson,andColleenHurteroftheMarineBiologicalLaboratory library and archives in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, have been a constant source of help and guidance. I am grateful to Anthony Lucente of the Wistar Institute, who has been an indispensable guide and lifesaver in my struggle to master the computer. I am indebted to Russel E. Kaufman of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, and Joseph Sanger and John Epstein of the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, for their generous support. Finally, I hardly know where to begin in expressing my appreciation for my wife, Eve, for her encouragement and advice. x · Acknowledgments ...

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