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Notes Introduction 1. Adam Nagourney and Megan Thee, “Poll Finds Obama Isn’t Closing Divide on Race,” New York Times, July 16, 2008, A1. 2. Eddie Glaude Jr., In a Shade of Blue (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 132. 3. Jennifer Cheeseman Day, Population Projections of the United States by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1995 to 2050 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996), 1. 4. Ian Haney López, “Race on the 2010 Census: Hispanics and the Shrinking White Majority,” Daedelus 134, no. 1 (2005): 43. 5. Barack Obama, “Speech on Race,” delivered Philadelphia, Pa., March 18, 2008. Reprinted in New York Times, March 18, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/18/us/ politics/18text-obama.html, accessed March 24, 2008. 6. Just for the record, I voted for Barack. 7. Cornel West, “Obama and the Blues: Interview by Robert S. Boynton,” Rolling Stone, issue 1048 (March 20, 2008): 42. 8. W. E. B. Du Bois, “The Conservation of Races,” in W. E. B. Du Bois: Writings (New York: Library Classics of the United States, 1986), 819. 9. Shannon Sullivan, Revealing Whiteness: The Unconscious Habits of Racial Privilege. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005). 10. To see what EWU is doing to promote campus diversity, please visit http://www.ewu. edu/x30041.xml, accessed March 24, 2008. 11. I use the term “race traitor” in the way that it is used in Race Traitor, eds. Noel Ignatiev and John Garvey (New York: Routledge, 1996). 12. See Kevin Phillips, American Theocracy (New York: Viking, 2006) and Bart Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus (San Francisco: Harper Publishing, 2005). 13. Jim Wallis, God’s Politics (San Francisco: Harper Publishing, 2005). 14. John Dewey, “The Need for a Recovery of Philosophy” in The Middle Works, 1899–1924, ed. Jo Ann Boydston (1917; Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1980), 10:46. 15. Lucius T. Outlaw, On Race and Philosophy (New York: Routledge, 1996), 26. 16. Robert Bernasconi, “Waking Up White in Memphis,” in White on White/Black on Black, ed. George Yancy (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield Press, 2005), 20. 17. Ibid. 18. Bill Lawson and Donald Koch, introduction, Pragmatism and the Problem of Race, ed. Bill Lawson and Donald Koch (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004), 1. 1. Bacon’s Rebellion and the Advent of Whiteness 1. While race and whiteness are concepts that have shaped world history globally, I limit the discussion in this book to their history and impact within the English-speaking colonies and the United States. 2. David Ingram, “Toward a Cleaner White(ness): New Racial Identities,” Philosophical Forum 36, no. 3 (2005): 243. 3. Matthew Frye Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998); Theodore Allen, The Invention of the White Race, 2 vols. (New York: Verso, 1994); Kathleen Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996). 4. Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color, 7. 5. For sources on Bacon’s rebellion see Stephen Webb, 1676: The End of American Independence (New York: Knopf, 1984); Wilcomb Washburn, The Governor and the Rebel: A History of Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1957). 6. Allen, Invention, 2:207. 7. Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States (New York: Harper Collins, 1999), 40. 8. Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York: Norton, 1975), 327. 9. Ibid. 10. “Theft of Master’s Goods, 1684,” Accomack County Deeds, Wills, and Inventories, 1676–1690, folios 389–90, reprinted in Warren Billings, ed., The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606–1689 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975), 145. 11. Sometimes these men are unnamed, but on two occasions he names them: “Jack A negro” and “Jonny Negro”; Billings, Old Dominion, 145. 12. Of course, it is important to not beatify these African and European laborers: while their general desire to be free of an economic system that benefited only a few wealthy elite is understandable, their method for solving this problem (through the acquisition of land by attacking the people living on it) set a tragic precedent. 13. Winthrop Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes towards the Negro, 1550–1812 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 3–43. 14. Coventry Papers Relating to Virginia, Barbados and other Colonies, Wiltshire, UK...