The Great American Symphony: Music, the Depression, and War

Notes

215 NOTES Preface 1. For further discussion of the relation of music, composers, and audiences in the thirties, see Nicholas Tawa, American Composers and Their Public (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1995), 116–128. 2. Ibid., 116. 1. Preliminaries 1. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Disuniting of America, rev. and enlarged ed. (New York: Norton, 1998), 43. 2. James Truslow Adams, The Epic of America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1931), 214–215. 3. These interpretations are discussed in an essay provided by the Library of Congress; see “What is the American Dream?” http://memory.loc.gov/learn/ lessons/97/dream/thedream.html, accessed 11 March 2007. 4. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2, trans. Henry Reeve, rev. Francis Bowen and further corrected by Phillip Bradley (New York: Vintage, 1954), 36–37, 50. 5. I have written extensively on this subject. See, especially, Nicholas E. Tawa, Art Music in the American Society (Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1987). 6. Jacques Barzun, The Culture We Deserve (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1989), 64. 7. Virgil Thomson, Music Reviewed, 1940–1954 (New York: Vintage, 1967), 169. 8. Lawrence Morton, “American Conductor and Works for L.A.,” Modern Music 21 (November–December 1943): 37. 9. Winthrop Tryon, “First in Boston,” Modern Music 20 (May–June 1943): 260. 10. Bruce Archibald, “Patronage and Composer,” notes to the CD Walter Piston : Symphony No. 6; Leon Kirchner: Piano Concerto No. 1 (New World NW286), 2. 216 · Notes to pages 7–25 11. Aaron Copland, “Serge Koussevitzky and the American Composer,” Musical Quarterly 30 (1944): 255. 12. Moses Smith, Koussevitzky (New York: Allen, Towne and Heath, 1944), 302. 13. Life, 12 December 1938, 27–38. 14. See Hans Heinsheimer, “Challenge of the New Audience,” Modern Music 16 (November–December 1938): 30, 32; Minna Lederman, “Star-Spangled Orchestras ,” Modern Music 17 (March–April 1940): 194. 15. Heinsheimer, “Challenge of the New Audience,” 30–31. 16. Aaron Copland, “From the ’20’s to the ’40’s and Beyond,” Modern Music 20 (January–February 1943): 82. 17. Arthur Berger, Reflections of an American Composer (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 277–278. 18. Aaron Copland, The New Music, rev. and enlarged ed. (New York: Norton, 1968), 161–162. 19. Kenneth J. Bindas, All of This Music Belongs to the Nation (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995), 65. 20. The Federal Music Project (Washington, D.C.: Works Progress Administration , 1936). 21. Ibid., 28–29. 22. Otto Luening, The Odyssey of an American Composer (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1980), 384. 23. Barbara B. Heyman, Samuel Barber (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 194. 24. These composers are discussed in Nicholas E. Tawa, Mainstream Music of Early Twentieth Century America (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1992). 25. Kenneth Clark, What Is a Masterpiece? (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1981), 10–11. 26. David Ewen, ed., The Book of Modern Composers (New York: Knopf, 1950), 453. 27. Peter Jona Korn, “The Symphony in America,” in The Symphony, vol. 2, ed. Robert Simpson (Baltimore, Md.: Penguin Books, 1967), 2:244. 28. They may be read in Roger Sessions on Music, ed. Edward T. Cone (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1979), 271–329. 29. Ibid., 294. 30. Berger, Reflections, 21. 31. William Schuman, “Americanism in Music: A Composer’s View,” in Music in American Society, 1776–1976, ed. George McCue (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transition Books, 1977), 23. 32. Ashley Pettis, “The WPA and the American Composer,” Musical Quarterly 26 (1940): 101–102. Notes to pages 26–48 · 217 33. Eugene Goossens, “The Public—Has It Changed?” Modern Music 20 (January–February 1943): 76. 34. John H. Mueller, The American Symphony Orchestra (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1951), 23. 35. Alfred Frankenstein, “How to Make Friends by Radio,” Modern Music 21 (November–December 1943): 9. 36. Virgil Thomson, Selected Letters of Virgil Thomson, ed. Tim Page and Vanessa Weeks Page (New York: Summit Books, 1988), 127. 37. Ellen Dissanayake, What Is Art For? (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988), 192. 2. Symphonies of the Mid- to Late Thirties 1. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Radio Address to the Young Democrats Clubs of America,” 20 April 1940, The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb .edu/ws/index.php?pid=15940, accessed 16 March 2007. 2. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Address on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Statue of Liberty,” 28 October 1936, The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=15210, accessed 16...