Gender Violence in Russia: The Politics of Feminist Intervention

Appendix 1. Women’s Human Rights and Gender Violence

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN (VAW) OR GENDER VIOLENCE RAPE Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979) — — Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women (1985) makes VAW a priority, calls for legal measures and national machineries to address VAW includes rape as part of VAW REFERENCES TO KEY U.N. DOCUMENTS ON WOMEN’S RIGHTS (DATE ADOPTED) APPENDIX ONE women’s human rights and gender violence Documents that are in boldface have the status of international law. Women’s Human Rights and Gender Violence 161 SEXUAL HARASSMENT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN (OR FORCED PROSTITUTION) — — calls for measures “to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women” (Art. 6) requires “appropriate measures to prevent sexual harassment on the job or sexual exploitation in specific jobs, such as domestic service” (para. 139, also 287) calls for (1) “domestic violence” to be a priority (2) the establishment of “national machinery . . . prevention policies . . . assistance and protection . . . [and the strengthening of] legislative measures [including the provision of] legal aid” (3) the mobilization of “community resources to identify, prevent and eliminate . . . family violence . . . and to provide shelter, support, and reorientation services for abused women” (4) “measures . . . aimed at making women conscious that maltreatment is . . . a blow to their physical and moral integrity” (paras. 231, 245, 271) condemns “trafficking in women for the purposes of prostitution” and “involuntary prostitution” understood to result from “economic degradation that alienates women’s labour through processes of rapid urbanization and migration resulting in underemployment and unemployment . It also stems from women’s dependence on men.” (para. 290) calls for state and international measures, including (para. 291) (1) the provision of “[r]esources for the prevention of prostitution and assistance in the professional, personal and social reintegration of prostitutes . . . providing economic opportunities, including training, employment, self-employment and health facilities for women and children.” (2) cooperation between governments and NGOs “to create wider employment possibilities for women.” (3) “[s]trict enforcement provisions . . . to stem the rising tide of violence, drug abuse and crime related to prostitution” (para 291) 162 appendix one VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN (VAW) OR GENDER VIOLENCE RAPE CEDAW Committee General Recommendation 12 (1989) calls for states to include VAW in their CEDAW reports references “sexual violence” CEDAW Committee General Recommendation 19 (1992) elaborates on how VAW violates the articles of CEDAW includes “sexual assault” Vienna Declaration and Programme for Action (1993) establishes VAW as a violation of human rights and calls for legal measures, national action, and international coordination to eliminate VAW highlights the “systematic rape of women in war” (sec. I, para. 38) U.N. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) as the first U.N. document to do so, elaborates a frame of violence against women: rooted in unequal power between women and men and a key mechanism for subordinating women (preamble) includes a broad frame of sexual violence, including marital rape Beijing Platform for Action (1995) established VAW as one of the 12 areas of central concern defines VAW as “any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women” (113) one mention of rape Beijing Declaration on Women (1995) reaffirms a commitment to VAW and the Declaration on the Elimination of VAW first time governments agreed to include VAW as a crucial issue — REFERENCES TO KEY U.N. DOCUMENTS ON WOMEN’S RIGHTS (DATE ADOPTED) Women’s Human Rights and Gender Violence 163 SEXUAL HARASSMENT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE TRAFFICKING IN WOMEN (OR FORCED PROSTITUTION) includes “sexual harassment at the workplace” includes “abuses in the family” — includes “sexual harassment in the workplace” as undermining “equality in employment” “Family violence is one of the most insidious forms of violence against women.” includes “trafficking in women,” a form of “sexual exploitation” links “gender-based violence” with “all forms of sexual harassment and exploitation” (sec. I, para. 18) “stresses the importance of working towards the elimination of violence against women in public and private life” (sec. II, para. 38) considers “international trafficking” as resulting in “gender-based violence” (sec. I, para. 18) defines sexual harassment as part of VAW (art. 2) advocates research includes “trafficking in women and forced prostitution” as part of VAW (art. 2) implied in various references to “violence against women” implied in various references to “violence against...