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365 index ABC model, 106, 144, 154, 158 abscission scars, 229–30 A-class genes, 140, 144–45, 151 Actinidia, 283 Actinidiaceae, 283 Actinidioxylon, 283 actinomorphic flowers. See polysymmetry [in flowers] Afrocarpus, 257 AGAMOUS (AG), 138–41, 145–46, 148–51, 151, 156–57 AGAMOUS-LIKE, 140, 146 Agathis, 43, 67–68, 76–77, 81, 85–87, 248, 251, 256, 262 Agathoxylon, 252 AGL3, 146 AGL6, 147 AGL20, 143 AGL20/TM3, 143 AGL24, 140, 142, 150–51, 151, 157 AG/SHP, 151, 157 AINTEGUMENTA (ANT), 142, 149–50 Alicurana, 190, 201 Alkastrobus, 80, 85, 249, 251, 261 Allen Formation, 197 Almargemia, 192–93, 201 Alvinia, 254, 256 Amborellaceae, 133 Amborella-like, 134–35 Ampelidaceae, 283 Anacostia, 110 Androstrobus, 193, 195; A. munku, 195; A. patagonicus, 196; A. rayen, 196 Anemia, 310 Anemone, 111 Anfiteatro de Ticó Formation, 195, 252–54, 260 Angiopteris, 353 angiosperm evolution, 98, 103, 105, 111, 149 angiosperms, 5, 8–9, 39, 41, 45, 51, 53–54, 60–62, 97–101, 103–105, 107–11, 119–21, 130, 133, 136, 139–52, 154–59, 203, 215–18, 224, 287–88, 315, 342, 346–47, 350, 352; basal, 103, 105, 145; earliest, 100–101, 104; early, 110, 136, 157, 288; origin of, 51, 53, 156 ANITA grade, 133–35, 146, 149, 152 ANITA-like, 134–35 Anomozamites, 188–89, 205 Antarcticycas, 201 anthers, 127–28, 136, 142 anthophyte hypothesis, 51, 54, 61–62 anthophytes, 215, 218, 221, 223 Antirrhinum, 147 Apama, 283 APETALA1 (AP1), 140–44, 150–51, 151, 156–57 APETALA2 (AP2), 141–42, 144, 150–51, 151, 157 APETALA3 (AP3), 145, 151, 157; AP3/PI, 157 apex, 18, 51, 54, 56–58, 60, 71, 75, 83, 105, 131, 133, 140–42, 146, 177, 180–81, 249, 251, 254 Appendicisporites, 300 Apple Bay fossil plant locality, 51, 54, 55 Apterocladus, 258, 262 Arabidopsis, 8–9, 120–21, 138, 141, 144–46, 148, 156 Araripia, 121, 123, 125, 132, 137 Araucaria, 67–68, 71, 73, 75–89, 75, 248–49, 251, 256, 261–63, 313, 315, 349, 351; A. alexandrensis, 251; A. antarctica, 251, A. araucana, 75, 77, 86–87, 263; A. brownii, 85; A. cartellei, 249; A. chambersii, 251; A. delevoryasii, 68, 71, 73, 75–77, 75, 76, 83–89; A. grandifolia, 249, 251; A. mkuziensis, 251; A. nihongii, 85, 88; A. nipponensis, 85; A. rogersii, 251; A. rudicula, 85; A. sphaerocarpa, 83; A. vulgaris, 85, 88 Araucariaceae, 67–68, 71, 76, 81, 86–88, 206, 247–48, 251–52, 256, 258, 261, 302–303, 310–11, 315, 350 Araucariacites, 82, 88–89, 248–49, 251, 258, 261–62, 302, 326; A. australis, 251, 302, 326 Araucariostrobus, 85 Araucarites, 80–81, 83–85, 249, 251, 261; A. baqueroensis, 249; A. cf. baqueroensis, 251; A. chilensis, 249; A. citadelbastionensis, 251; A. minimus, 249; A. phillipsii, 88; A. vulcanoi, 249; A. wollemiaformis, 251 Archaeanthus, 104 Archaefructus, 99–100, 100, 102– 105, 102, 107, 108, 118, 121–22, 124, 126, 128, 130–31, 137, 142, 155; A. eoflora, 118, 121–22, 124, 126–27, 130; A. liaoningensis, 118, 122, 124, 128, 131; A. sinensis, 100, 102, 122, 124, 130 Archaeopteris, 9 Aristolochia, 283 Aristolochiaceae, 283 Athrotaxis, 254, 260, 262; A. ungeri, 254, 260, 262 Austrobaileyaceae, 136 Austrocedrus, 260 autonomous pathways, 143 axillary buds, 8, 121, 130, 138, 218 axils, 131, 258, 262 Baculatisporites, 310, 324 Baiera, 173–77, 175, 182–83; B. gracilis, 173; B. muensteriana, 182; B. multifida, 175, 182; B. radiata, 175–76, 175 Balmeiopsis, 82, 88, 249, 252, 258, 261 Baqueró Group, 192, 194–96, 206–207, 248–49, 253 Bauhinia, 285 BBCE, 155 B-class genes, 141, 144–45, 149, 154 beetles, 36, 41, 44–46 BELL (BEL), 150–51, 151, 157 Bellingshausium, 259 Belt Cliffs, 298 bennettitaleans, 5, 7, 9, 36, 51, 99, 155, 187–90, 192, 194, 196, 203–207, 225, 295, 312 Index 366 Bennettitales, 6, 35–36, 39, 43, 51, 53–55, 59–62, 97, 99, 199, 204–205, 215–26, 231–35, 304–305, 307, 312–13 Bennettitales-ErdtmanithecalesGnetales (BEG) clade, 217, 220–21 Bennettitales-Gnetales (BG) clade, 221 Bevhalstia, 122, 124, 130 BIGPETAL (BPE), 148, 151, 157 bilateral symmetry [in flowers], 108, 148 birds, 110, 332–335, 338–39, 341, 352 bisaccate pollen, 259, 300, 302–303, 303, 312–13 BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 (BOP1), 147 BLAST search, protein. See protein BLAST search (BLASTp) bones, 69–70, 312, 339–40, 342, 351 Bororo Formation, 197 Bororoa, 197, 199–201, 200 Bougainvillea, 111 Bowenia, 199 Brachyphyllum, 80, 82, 86, 88–89, 248...

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