Church, State, and the Crisis in American Secularism

Notes

249 Introduction 1. 330 U.S. 1 (1947). 2. Robert F. Cochran, “Is There a Higher Law? Does it Matter?” Pepperdine Law Review 36 (2009): i. 3. This was Justice Breyer’s approach in Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. 677, 699 (2005) (J. Breyer, concurring in the judgment ): “the Establishment Clause seeks to avoid . . . social conflict. . . .” 4. “Benedict XVI reflects on U.S. visit , recalls highlights,” Catholic News Agen­ cy, April 4, 2008, at http://www.catholic newsagency.com/new.php?n=12499 (accessed April 25, 2010). 5. Ronald Dworkin, Is Democracy Possible Here? (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2006). 6. Ibid., 57. 7. Ibid., 58. 1. What We Say 1. 330 U.S. 1 (1947). 2. Ibid., 11. 3. Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145, 164 (1878). 4. 330 U.S. at 18. 5. 370 U.S. 421 (1962). 6. 374 U.S. 203 (1963). N o t e s 7. 370 U.S. at 432 (quoting Madison’s Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments). 8. 374 U.S. at 217 (quoting from Justice Rutledge’s dissent in Everson, 330 U.S. at 31–32). 9. Ibid., 218 (quoting from Justice Jackson’s dissent in Everson, 330 U.S. at 23–24). 10. Ibid., 279 (J. Brennan, concurring). 11. Ibid., 222. 12. 403 U.S. 602 (1971). 13. 403 U.S. at 612–13. 14. 397 U.S. 664 (1970). 15. Michael W. McConnell, John H. Garvey, and Thomas C. Berg, Religion and the Constitution (New York: Aspen Law & Business, 2002), 495. 16. 473 U.S. 373 (1985). 17. 473 U.S. 402 (1985). 18. 472 U.S. 38 (1985). 19. 472 U.S. at 56 (emphasis in original). 20. Ibid., 60. 21. 465 U.S. 668 (1984). 22. 465 U.S. at 687–88. 23. 472 U.S. at 70. 24. 530 U.S. 290 (2000). 25. 472 U.S. at 113 (J. Rehnquist, dissenting). 250 Notes to Pages 12–31 26. Ibid., 98. 27. 545 U.S. 677 (2005). 28. 545 U.S. 844 (2005). 29. 545 U.S. at 700. 30. Justice Breyer distinguished McCreary County from Van Orden on the ground, in part, of the “short (and stormy) history” of “a government effort substantially to promote religion. . . .” 545 U.S. at 703 (J. Breyer, concurring in the judgment). 31. 545 U.S. at 869. 32. 400 F. Supp. 2d 707 (M. D. Pa. 2005). 33. Ibid., 727, n. 7, 747 and 748, n. 21. 34. 505 U.S. 577 (1992). 35. See, e.g., Adler v. Duval County School Bd., 250 F.3d 1330 (11th Cir. 2001) (en banc). 36. Douglas Laycock, “Formal, Substantive , and Disaggregated Neutrality Toward Religion,” DePaul Law Review 39 (1990): 993. 37. 536 U.S. 639 (2002). 38. Ibid., 653. 39. Ibid. 40. Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Amos, 483 U.S. 327 (1987). 41. 489 U.S. 1 (1989). 42. 472 U.S. 703 (1985). 43. Ibid., 708–709. 44. 512 U.S. 687 (1994). 45. Ibid., 703. 46. Philip B. Kurland, “Of Church and State and the Supreme Court,” University of Chicago Law Review 29 (1961): 1. 47. Ibid., 96. 48. Hobbie v. Unemployment Appeals Comm’n of Fla., 480 U.S. 136, 144–45 (1987). 49. 494 U.S. 872 (1990). 50. 333 U.S. 203 (1948). 51. Ibid., 210. 52. Ibid., 212. 53. 343 U.S. 306 (1952). 54. Ibid., 316 (J. Black, dissenting). 2. What We Do 1. Will Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew: an Essay in American Religious Sociology (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955). 2. “Judge doesn’t ban ‘God’ in inaugural oath,” Associated Press (January 15, 2009), http://www.msnbc.msn.com/ id/28663712/ (accessed November 23, 2009). 3. 333 U.S. 203 (1948). 4. Ibid., 256 (J. Reed, dissenting). 5. 343 U.S. 306 (1952). 6. Ibid., 313–14. 7. 343 U.S. at 312–13. 8. 370 U.S. at 435, n. 21. 9. 374 U.S. at 235 (J. Brennan, concurring). 10. Ibid., 237–38. 11. Ibid., 258, n. 24. 12. Ibid., 271. 13. Marsh, 463 U.S. at 796 (J. Brennan, dissenting). 14. 374 U.S. at 303–304. 15. 542 U.S. 1 (2004). 16. Newdow v. U.S. Congress, 328 F.3d 466 (9th Cir. 2003). Judgment reversed by Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , 542 U.S. 1 (2004). 17. “Poll: Keep ‘under God’ in Pledge of Allegiance,” Associated Press...