A Feminist Ethnomusicology: Writings on Music and Gender

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. This term, although in use earlier, was coined in the book Red Diapers: Growing Up in the Communist Left, by Judy Kaplan and Linn Shapiro (1998). 2. Hasidim are ultra-Orthodox Jews, who, in addition to following all of the laws and practices of Judaism, also adhere to the teachings of the Ukrainian rabbi Israel ben Eliezer (1698–1760), often called the Ba’al Shem Tov. Lubavitchers are one of many Hasidic groups living today mainly in Israel and the United States. For a full discussion of Lubavitcher Hasidim and their music, see Koskoff 2000. 3. See Morris 1995 and Koskoff 2000 for fuller discussions of Jewish feminism. 4. For an excellent, user-friendly introduction to this history, see Sally J. Scholz’s Feminism: A Beginner’s Guide (2010). Chapter 1. From Women to Gender 1. These conferences, sponsored by the University of Michigan School of Music, should not be confused with the ongoing Michigan Womyn’s Music Festival, held each August since 1976. 2. It is has been suggested that President Kennedy couched his support of this commission within Cold War rhetoric, saying that America needed all of its citizens—men and women—to fight the communist menace. 3. The ERA was actually first introduced in 1904. 4. See Moore 1988; Cole and Phillips 1995; Ortner 1996; and Mascia-Lees and Black 2000. See especially McClaurin 2001 for a good history of black feminist anthropologists . 5. See, for example, early studies by Frazer 1909, 1910; Mead 1928, 1935; and EvansPritchard 1951, among many others. 6. See, for example, Reiter 1975; Ardener 1975b; and Moore 1988. 192 Notes to Chapters 1 and 2 7. See Mascia-Lees and Black 2000 for an excellent summary of different approaches . 8. Some of the more influential writers to address these issues at the time who were most important to me were Rosaldo and Lamphere 1974; Ardener 1975a, 1975b; MacCormack and Strathern 1980; Ortner and Whitehead 1981; and Brown and Jordanova 1981, among many others. 9. See especially Strathern 1980. 10. This last one continues to be unsatisfactorily answered for me, although postcolonialist anthropologist Gayatri Spivak’s much-cited (and -critiqued) notion of “strategic essentialism” (1988 [1995]) seems reasonable. 11. For an excellent discussion of Foucault’s influence on feminist anthropology, see Armstrong 2005. 12. See especially Carlisle 1973; Kaeppler 1970; Farrer 1975; Wade 1972; Hawes 1974; Coote 1977; Hoch-Smith and Spring 1978; and Cormier 1978, for a good representation in the ethnomusicology of that time. 13. See especially Neuls-Bates 1982; Clément 1988; Bowers and Tick 1986; and Rorich 1989, among others. 14. See Kirkby et al. 2003 for an especially good discussion of this field’s interdisciplinarity . 15. Some other articles that were important to me at the time, but are too numerous to discuss here, include Becker 1988; K. Campbell 1985; Avishur 1987; DjeDje 1985; Ellis and Barwick 1990; Keeling 1985; Okafor 1989; Sawa 1987; Schmidt 1989; and Sutton 1984. Chapter 2. Introduction to Women and Music in Cross-Cultural Perspective Reprinted with permission from Women and Music in Cross-Cultural Perspective (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1987). 1. Carolina Robertson was very helpful here, and conversations with her resulted in what some have called the “book ends” of this collection: my introduction and her article “Power and Gender in the Musical Experiences of Women” at the end of the book. 2. See Farrer 1975; Jordan and Kalcik 1985; among others. 3. See especially Ardener 1975a, 1975b; Atkinson 1982; Gornick and Moran 1971; and Schlegel 1972 for general discussions of the impact of feminist anthropology on ethnography. 4. See also Lamphere 1974; Friedl 1967; and Yocom 1985. 5. See especially the citation from a 1970 study by Catherine Ellis in Nettl 1983 that describes her female informants’ embarrassment and ensuing strategy to “go away with Ellis,” where they could “sing their secret songs without the fear of the men overhearing” (335). 6. See Avery 1977; Burrows 1958; and Wistrand 1969 for some examples. In the hindsight of the past decade of feminist-oriented anthropology, the Wistrand article, especially, highlights missed opportunities in the field (481). Notes to Chapters 2 and 3 193 7. Typical of these are studies surrounding such life events as puberty and initiation . See, for example, Blacking’s studies among the Venda (1962, 1976); studies of courtship, love, and weddings: Gerson-Kiwi among the Jews of Bokhara (1950) and Wade in North...