Black Power on Campus: The University of Illinois, 1965-75

Notes

149 notes Abbreviations AACL Afro-American Culture Lecture File, 1968–71 ACW Arthur Cutts Willard Papers, General Correspondence, 1934–46 BSAP Black Students Association Publications, 1967– CHAN Chancellor’s Subject File, 1967–70 CHREO Committees on Human Relations and Equal Opportunity, 1964– DOS Dean of Students Subject File, 1952, 1963–84 EOP Educational Opportunities Program File, 1964–77 HMT Harry M. Tiebout Papers, 1941–82 LAS Liberal Arts and Sciences Associate and Assistant Deans Subject File, 1948–72 LASDS Liberal Arts and Sciences Departmental and Subject File, 1913–76 LCNS Legal Counsel Numerical Subject File, 1935–83 OMBUD Ombudsman’s Subject File, 1960–92 RRP Robert Rogers Papers, 1960–68 SEOP Special Educational Opportunities File, 1968–70 UPR University Press Releases, 1935, 1939, 1947– VPAAC Vice-President for Academic Affairs Correspondence, 1965–74 All archival material was gathered from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Archives unless otherwise noted. All newspaper articles from the Chicago Tribune, Daily Defender, Daily Illini, Plain Truth, and News-Gazette were gathered from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Newspaper Library unless otherwise noted. Introduction 1. See, for example, Diane Ravitch, The Troubled Crusade: American Education , 1945–1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1983). 2. See, for example, Arthur Levine, Shaping Higher Education’s Future: Demographic Realities and Opportunities, 1990–2000 (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1989). 3. Sheila Slaughter, “Class, Race, and Gender and the Construction of PostSecondary Curricula in the United States: Social Movement, Professionalization, and Political Economic Theories of Curricular Change,” Journal of Curriculum Studies 29, no. 1 (1997): 5. Chapter 1: Black Youth Forcing Change 1. For specific examples of internal and external pressures to exclude African Americans from various white institutions in the North, see Leon Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790–1860 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), chap. 4; and Raymond Wolters, The New Negro on Campus: Black College Rebellions of the 1920s (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975), chap. 7. 2. For more on this, see Litwack, North of Slavery, chap. 4. 3. Joe R. Feagin, Hernan Vera, and Nikitah Imani, The Agony of Education: Black Students at White Colleges and Universities (New York: Routledge, 1996); “Enrollment in Negro Universities and Colleges,” School and Society 28 (29 September 1928): 401–2, cited in Wolters, The New Negro on Campus, 313. 4. For a more thorough discussion of the New Negro, see Alain Locke, ed., The New Negro: An Interpretation (New York: Albert and Charles Boni, 1925); and John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans, 3d ed. (New York: Vintage Books, 1969), chaps. 24–28. 5. “Enrollment in Negro Universities and Colleges,” cited in Wolters, The New Negro on Campus, 17. 6. Wolters, The New Negro on Campus, 34. 7. Ibid., chap. 2; James D. Anderson, The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), chap. 7. 8. David Sansing, Making Haste Slowly: The Troubled History of Higher Education in Mississippi (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1990), 140. 9. Medgar Evers was one such veteran. Evers used the GI Bill to pay for his undergraduate education at Alcorn College and later attempted to enroll in the University of Mississippi School of Law in 1954. He joined the local NAACP and became the first field secretary in Mississippi in 1954. Evers agitated for Black rights until his assassination in 1963. He and other veterans important to the southern civil rights movement are discussed in Charles M. Payne, I’ve Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995), particularly chap. 2. 10. All court case information in this chapter is from the original Supreme Court case or from Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America’s Struggle for Equality (New York: Vintage Books, 1977). 11. McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 339 U.S. 637 (1950), 641. 12. Richard L. Plaut, “Racial Integration in Higher Education in the North,” Journal of Negro Education 23 (Summer 1954): 310. 13. Thomas W. Young to Walter White, 21 January 1927, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Files, Library of Congress, quoted in Wolters, The New Negro on Campus, 315. 14. Benjamin Mays, Born to Rebel (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1971), 65, quoted in Wolters, The New Negro on Campus, 318. 15. Beulah Terrell to William Pickens, 29 April 1919, National...