Black Flag Boricuas: Anarchism, Antiauthoritarianism, and th eLeft in Puerto Rico, 1897-1921

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. See Bantman, “Militant Go-between.” 2. Figures derived from examination of the published financial statements of ¡Tierra! on page 4.The average weekly contribution took the sum of the weekly averages (893) and divided it by 137 issues. 3. See Hirsch and van der Walt, eds., Anarchism and Syndicalism. Quote on lxvii. 4. See Hirsch, “Peruvian Anarcho-Syndicalism,” and Toledo and Biondi, “Constructing Syndicalism and Anarchism Globally.” 5. Thirteenth Census of the United States 1910, 1181 and 1198–99. 6. The most famous of these is Eric Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels. 7. See Gómez Muller, Anarquismo y anarcosindicalismo en América Latina; Cappelletti , Hechos y figuras del anarquismo hispanoamericano; Viñas, Anarquistas en América Latina; Rama and Cappelletti, El anarquismo en América Latina. 8. See Woodcock, Anarchism; Marshall, Demanding the Impossible; Butterworth, The World That Never Was; Schmidt and van der Walt, Black Flame. 9. See Avrich, Anarchist Voices and Sacco and Vanzetti; Morris, Kropotkin; Leier, Bakunin; Turcato,Making Sense of Anarchism; Levy,Rooted Cosmopolitan; Falk,Love, Anarchy,andEmmaGoldman;CandaceFalkandBarryPateman,eds.,EmmaGoldman. 10. For select biographies, see Corral, El pensamiento cautivo de Rafael Barrett; Albro,AlwaysaRebel and ToDieonYourFeet;Ward,AnarquíainmanentistadeManuel González Prada; Valle Ferrer, Luisa Capetillo. 11. Countless examples abound. In fact, this national focus dominates the historiography of anarchism around the world and often is couched in terms of a “national” anarchism,that is,“French,”“Spanish,”“Italian,”“Argentine,”“Chinese,”or “Indian” anarchism. 12. See Ackelsberg, Free Women of Spain; Marsh, Anarchist Women, 1870–1920; Molyneux,“No God,No Boss,No Husband”; Barrancos,“Anarquismo y sexualidad”; 182 Notes to Introduction Fernández Cordero,“Queremos emanciparos”; Shaffer,“Radical Muse”; Sonn,“‘Your Body Is Yours.’” 13. Avrich, Modern School Movement; Cappelletti, Francisco Ferrer y la pedagogía libertaria; Shaffer,“Freedom Teaching”; Craib,“Students,Anarchists,and Categories of Persecution in Chile,1920”; Gorman,“Anarchists and Education”; Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean. 14. Halperin, Felix Fénéon; Hutton, Neo-Impressionism; Antliff, Anarchist Modernism ; Sonn,Anarchism and Cultural Politics; Barrancos,La escena iluminada; Shaffer, Anarchism and Countercultural Politics; Litvak,La mirada roja and Musa libertaria; Masjuan, La ecología humana en el anarquismo ibérico. 15.SeeforinstanceGoyens,BeerandRevolution;Barrancos,Anarquismo,educación, y costumbres; Shaffer, Anarchism and Countercultural Politics. 16. For Asia,see for instance Ramnath,Decolonizing Anarchism; Konishi,“Reopening the ‘Opening of Japan’”; Lai, “Anarchism, Communism, and China’s National Revolution”; Dirlik, Anarchism and the Chinese Revolution; Hwang, “Korean Anarchism before 1945.”For Africa,see van der Walt,“Anarchism and Syndicalism in South Africa”; Gorman, “‘Diverse in Race, Religion and Nationality.’” For Latin America, see the following very selective recent works in addition to those previously cited: Moya,CousinsandStrangers and “Positive Side of Stereotypes”; Suriano,Anarquistas; Hirsch, “Peruvian Anarcho-Syndicalism”; de Laforcade, “Straddling the Nation and the Working World.” 17. Battle in Seattle. 18. Anderson,Under Three Flags; Bantman,“Militant Go-between”; Levy,“Rooted Cosmopolitan”; Turcato, “Making Sense of Anarchism” and “Italian Anarchism as a Transnational Movement.” 19. See these authors’works cited above and Zimmer’s chapter on San Francisco in “‘The Whole World Is Our Country.’” 20.OntheCaribbean,seeShaffer,“HavanaHub”and“ContestingInternationalists.” On the southern cone,see de Laforcade,“Federative Futures”; and Toledo and Biondi, “Constructing Syndicalism and Anarchism Globally.”For the Andes,see Hirsch,“Peruvian Anarcho-Syndicalism”; and Migueláñez Martínez, “Anarquistas en red.” 21. See Khuri-Makdisi, Eastern Mediterranean; Shaffer, “By Dynamite”; Ribera Carbó,“Ferrer Guardia en la revolución mexicana”; Siguan Boehmer,Literatura popular libertaria. 22. For a transnational perspective,see Rosenthal,“Radical Border Crossers”; Caulfield , “Wobblies and Mexican Workers in Mining and Petroleum.” For U.S.-focused studies,see among others Cole,Wobblies on the Waterfront; Renshaw,Wobblies; Dubofsky , We Shall Be All; Salerno, Red November, Black November. For anarchists in Chile, see DeShazo,Urban Workers and Labor Unions in Chile.For Canada,see Leier,Where the Fraser River Flows. For Australia, see Cain, Wobblies at War. 23. Poyo, “Anarchist Challenge”; Daniel, “Rolling for the Revolution”; Casanovas Codina, Bread, or Bullets!; Shaffer, “Cuba para todos.” 24. On Flores Magón and Guerrero, see Albro, Always a Rebel and To Die on Your Feet.SeealsoEsparzaValdivia,Elfenómenomagonista;Gómez-Quiñones,Sembradores; Hart, Anarchism and the Mexican Working Class; Hernández Padilla, El magonismo; Notes to Introduction and Chapter 1 183 Martínez Núñez, Perfiles revolucionarios; Raat, Revoltosos; Sandos, Rebellion in the Borderlands. 25.SeeLai,“Anarchism,Communism,andChina’sNationalRevolution”;andDirlik, AnarchismandtheChineseRevolution.MuchattentionhasbeenpaidtoUkraine,where Nestor Makhno and his comrades...