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18 | simons / animal issues in austr alia bers of the counterculture espousing vegetarianism among a whole package of New Age beliefs, values, and causes. However, despite the interest in vegetarianism among members of the counterculture, vegetarianism still did not enter the mainstream. The modern vegetarian movement in the United Kingdom began with links to radical groups, and this connection with the margins of society has been a recurrent theme throughout the history of the vegetarian movement. The exception has been in recent years, when vegetarianism has been considered more popular, mainstream, and acceptable to a greater extent than ever before (the Vegetarian Society cited in its “General Statistics from the 1990s” a 1996 NOP survey for Hill and Knowlton/Tesco of 977 adults aged fifteen and over). In 1969 the London Vegetarian Society and the Vegetarian Society based in North West England merged to form, once again, a united vegetarian society, with headquarters in Altrincham in Cheshire and a London office that was later closed in the 1980s. The North American Vegetarian Society was founded in 1974 by Jay Dinshah and representatives from four other vegetarian groups from North America, to act as host for the World Vegetarian Congress held at the University of Maine in 1975 and attended by fifteen hundred people. The Vegetarian Resource Group was formed by Debra Wasserman and Charles Stahler in 1982 as the Baltimore Vegetarians and produces a newsstand magazine, the Vegetarian Journal. In the late twentieth century several new animal rights groups were founded in both the United Kingdom and the United States that now promote campaigns for vegetarianism . Many of these groups, such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), Animal Aid, and Vegetarians International Voice for Animals (VIVA!), are ostensibly vegan—promoting a vegan diet through their literature and Web sites—even though the term “vegetarian ” is used to describe the diet. As a result we may yet see a return to the early nineteenth-century understanding of the term “vegetarian” to mean a plant-based diet. Related articles: Animal advocacy; Animals in the Bible; Ethical vegetarianism; Meatout; Plant-based nutrition; Vegan living; Veganic gardening; Vegetarian cooking Calvert, Samantha Jane, “Ours Is the Food That Eden Knew: Main Themes in the Theology and Practice of Christian Vegetarians,” in Muers, Rachel, and Grumett, David (eds.), Eating and Believing, Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Vegetarianism and Theology, T. and T. Clark, 2008. ———, “A Taste of Eden: Modern Christianity and Vegetarianism ,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 58.3 (2007). Gregory, James, Of Victorians and Vegetarians: The Vegetarian Movement in Nineteenth-Century Britain, Tauris Academic Studies, 2007. Iacobbo, Karen, and Iacobbo, Michael, Vegetarian America: A History, Praeger, 2004. Pushkar-Pasewicz, Margaret (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Cultural Vegetarianism, Greenwood, 2010. Twigg, Julia, “The Vegetarian Movement in England 1847–1981: A Study in the Structure of Its Ideology,” unpublished PhD thesis, London School of Economics, 1981, available at http://www.ivu.org/history/thesis/index.html. Vegetarian Society, “General Statistics from the 1990s” (information sheet), accessed at http://www.vegsoc.org/info/­ statveg90.html on August 20, 2010. Samantha Jane Calvert Perspectives from around the Globe Animal issues in Australia Animal protection issues in Australia fall into three distinct categories. The first relates to the general issue of animal welfare, the second concerns measures taken to protect animals who are farmed and worked in a country where agriculture remains a very significant sector of the economy, and the third concerns the protection and preservation of free-living land animals (see Preservation and Killing) and fishes in a fragile environment where biodiversity is under threat and history shows that native fauna are vulnerable to extinction. General issues of animal welfare and protection are perhaps best seen as primarily the province of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) Australia. The first society was founded in Victoria in 1871 as the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA), and the other states soon acquired their own branches: Tasmania in 1872, New South Wales in 1873, South Australia in 1875, Queensland in 1883, and Western Australia in 1892. The Australian Capital Territory branch was founded in 1955, and the Northern Territory acquired its branch in 1965. In 1923 the SPCAs were granted the Royal Warrant that transformed them into RSPCAs. In simons / animal issues in austr alia | 19 1981 the state branches came together to form a federal RSPCA covering the whole of Australia and designated RSPCA Australia. The first animal protection legislation was introduced...

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