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balcombe / angling for sport  | 197 bioengineering firms that supply the transgenic pigs for transplant, and for the medical professionals involved. Because of the tremendous private investment from venture capital groups and large drug companies, the pressure to get approval for xenotransplantation is enormous . After all, it is all about money. Good for industry, bad for the consumer. Are we placing profits ahead of public health? Not least of all, are we again placing profit before animal suffering? Experimental techniques involving interspecies transplantation are just that: experiments. That they carry some risk to the animals is inevitable. Some will say that these risks are small or can be minimized, but it is incontestable that animals will suffer—and have suffered—in the development of these techniques. Xenotransplantation represents a way of understanding animals that is plainly ethically regressive—that is, simply as spare parts or commodities for human beings. Once we go down this road, it will be only a question of time before the similar case is made for using human as well as animal subjects. Xenotransplantation is not the answer, despite all the rosy pictures that overoptimistic researchers, genetic engineers , and pharmaceutical companies paint of readily available organs. We cannot continue to cure human lives by the wholesale taking of animal lives. We cannot deny health care to others simply because of where they live or because their financial condition prevents them from having access to adequate health care. We must learn to take better care of each other by becoming organ donors and to take better care of ourselves through diet and exercise. It is unethical to suppose that animals should always pay the price of human progress—and in this case, it is more than doubtful whether xenotransplantation will constitute anything like progress in the field of human health. Related articles: The alternatives; Animal pain; Animals and public health; Animals used in research; Cloning animals; The ethics of testing; The moral clams of animals; Plant-based nutrition; Stem cell research; Transgenic animals; The welfare of pigs Committee on Xenograft Transplantation, Xenotransplantation : Science, Ethics, and Public Policy, Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, 1996. Langley, Gill, and D’Silva, Joyce, Animal Organs in Humans: Uncalculated Risks and Unanswered Questions, Compassion in World Farming and British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, 1998, available at http://www.ciwf.org.uk/ includes/documents/cm_docs/2008/a/animal_organs_in _humans_1998.pdf. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, Animal to Human Transplants: The Ethics of Xenotransplantation, 1996, available at http:// www.nuffieldbioethics.org/xenotransplantation. Olakanmi, Ololade, and Purdy, Laura, “Xenotransplantation: For and Against,” Philosophy Now (July/August 2011), available at http://www.philosophynow.org/issue55/ Xenotransplantation_For_and_Against. Stark, Tony, Knife to the Heart: The Story of Transplant Surgery, Macmillan, 1996. Suarex, Anthony, and Huarte, Jaochim (eds.), Is This Cell a Human Being?: Exploring the Status of Embryos, Stem Cells and Human-Animal Hybrids, Springer, 2011. Alan H. Berger Animals in Sport and Entertainment Angling for sport Angling, also known as sport fishing or recreational fishing , is the catching of fishes for purposes other than commercial gain. The distinction between commercial fishing and angling is blurred by the fact that sport fishing is, in itself, a major commercial enterprise in which over one million people are at least partially employed in the United States alone. For the purposes of this article, angling encompasses any and all catching of fishes by individuals not employed in the commercial fishery industry. One study estimates that close to 12 percent of the human population worldwide engages regularly in recreational fishing, with a total catch of over 10 million metric tons, or about 55 billion individual fishes. An important difference between recreational and commercial fishing is that whereas almost all of the fishes in the latter category are killed regardless of whether they are targeted species or bycatch, some 60 percent of angled fishes are released. It is unknown how many released die later from trauma caused by hooks (removed or still attached), loss of scales and skin mucus, fin fraying and other damage caused by nets, or prolonged lack of oxygen. The number of fishes killed by recreational fishing is also probably an 198 | creamer / animals in circuses underestimate, given the numbers of additional fishes commonly used as bait. The relevance of angling to animal protection revolves around fishes’ capacity to experience pain and suffering. Until very recently, fish sentience had not been investigated with much scientific rigor, and it was widely assumed that fishes are not sensitive to pain. But...

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