Cold War Progressives: Women's Interracial Organizing for Peace and Freedom

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Editors published a preview of Ms. six months before the July issue. The preview is considered the first edition, the July issue the first regular edition. 2. Throughout this study, I refer to those who were members of the Progressive Party as Progressives and those who held leftist political beliefs as progressives. 3. Eslanda Goode robeson, “Call to the Negro People,” 1951, Box 8, Paul and Eslanda Goode robeson folder, C. B. Baldwin Collection, Special Collections, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Hereafter cited as Baldwin Collection. 4. See Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins”; and Collins, Black Feminist Thought. 5. Evans, Personal Politics; Moraga and Anzaldua, This Bridge Called My Back; DuBois and ruiz, eds., Unequal Sisters; Cobble, The Other Women’s Movement. 6. roth, Separate Roads to Feminism, 1. 7. Horowitz, Betty Friedan; Weigand, Red Feminism; Gore, Radicalism at the Crossroads ; McDuffie, “Long Journeys,” 438–40, and “A ‘New Freedom Movement of Negro Women.’” 8. rossinow, Visions of Progress, 144. 9. Mary Padgett, “Women Active in Wallace ranks,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Women for Wallace Scrapbook, Progressive Party Papers, Special Collections, University of Iowa, Iowa City. Hereafter cited as PP Papers. 10. Swerdlow, “Congress of American Women,” 312. 11. See Q. Wright, A Study of War; and Castledine, “Gendering the Cold War,” 22–24. 12. See Paul Buhle, “Progressive,” in The Encyclopedia of the American Left, edited by Buhle, Buhle, and Georgakas, 596–99. 13. Murray, Progressive Housewife, 10. Seth Koven and Sonya Michel introduced the term maternalism in their 1990 essay “Womanly Duties.” See also Koven and Michel, “Mother Worlds”; Kathryn Sklar, “The Historical Foundations of Women’s Power in the Creation of the American Welfare State, 1830–1930”; and Michel, “The Limits of Maternalism: Policies toward American Wage-Earning Mothers during the Progressive Era,” in Mothers of a New World, edited by Koven and Michel. 160 14. In 1953 the yWCA took a stand on the left-liberal split by announcing it was “unalterably opposed to communism and any other ideology which denies dignity and fundamental human rights to the individual.” See Laville, Cold War Women, 111. See also Susan Lynn, “Gender and Progressive Politics: A Bridge to Social Activism of the 1960s,” in Not June Cleaver, edited by Meyerowitz, 106–7. 15. Weigand, Red Feminism, 5; Brown, “‘Savagely Fathered and Un-mothered World,’” 539. 16. Brush, “Love, Toil, and Trouble,” 431. 17. Anticommunists most often point to robert Conquest’s assessment of twenty million Soviets killed by Stalin’s policies, first cited in The Great Terror and reiterated in The Great Terror: A Reassessment. Although he finds the deaths an “unimaginable and unjustifiable cost” to russian society, Christopher read argues that “underneath the issue of precise numbers . . . lies a macabre ‘competition’ to crown Stalin rather than Hitler as world champion of twentieth-century brutality and thereby tarnish all forms of Marxism and socialism by implication.” See read, “Main Currents of Interpretation of Stalin,” 15. 18. G. Lerner, Fire Weed, 370. chapter 1. Gender, politics, and the emerging cold War 1. W. H. Lawrence, “Election Brings Shifts within the Two Parties,” New York Times, November 7, 1948, E5. 2. See Cott, Grounding of Modern Feminism; Honey, Creating Rosie the Riveter; and Dubakis, “Norman rockwell’s Rosie the Riveter.” 3. Freeman, A Room at a Time, 176. 4. Ibid., 197. 5. Wallace, Toward World Peace, 1. 6. Cuordileone, “‘Politics in an Age of Anxiety,’” 515–17. 7. Kleinman, World of Hope, 9. 8. See Ferrell, Choosing Truman. 9. To ensure Senate approval of Wallace, Congress removed the lending agency the reconstruction Finance Corporation (rFC) from the department, gutting it of much of its power and prestige. Congress created the rFC in 1932 to stimulate the economy by loaning to agricultural and industrial corporations. During World War II, the agency loaned to industries important to the war effort. 10. For the full text of Wallace’s Madison Square Garden speech, see MacDougall, Gideon’s Army, 63–69. 11. “Text of Wallace’s radio Talk Announcing His Candidacy,” New York Times, December 30, 1947, 15. 12. roosevelt, “Plain Talk about Wallace.” 13. Eslanda robeson, “Progress Backward,” box Writing by Eslanda robeson, n.d., A–Z, folder n.d., Paul and Eslanda robeson Papers, Moorland-Spingarn research Center, Howard University, Washington, D.C. Hereafter cited as robeson Papers. 14. MacDougall, Gideon’s Army, 245. N o T E S T o I N T r o D U C T I o N A N D C H A P T E...